Protein to carbohydrate (P/C) ratio changes in microbial extracellular polymeric substances induced by oil and Corexit

Shiu, Ruei-Feng; Chiu, Meng-Hsuen; Vazquez, Carlos I.; Tsai, Yi-Yen; Le, Andre D.; Kagiri, Agnes; Xu, Chen; Kamalanathan, Manoj; Bacosa, Hernando P.; Doyle, Shawn M.; Sylvan, Jason B.; Santschi, Peter H.; Quigg, Antonietta; Chin, Wei‐Chun

doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103789

Cited by 29 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The ratio of proteins to carbohydrates of EPS (P/C) has been found to be closely related to the ‘stickiness’ of EPS and their relative hydrophobicity. For example, the P/C ratio is related to aggregation propensity, e.g., [ 20 ], surface tension [ 21 ], presence of nano-plastics or oil in microbial cultures [ 19 , 31 ], light-induced chemical crosslinking [ 23 ], and, when mineral matter is present, the sedimentation efficiency of marine snow [ 24 ]. Figure 1 shows some examples of how these properties can be related to the P/C ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Gel Interactions with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Pollutants

Santschi

Chin

Quigg

et al. 2021

Gels

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Microgels play critical roles in a variety of processes in the ocean, including element cycling, particle interactions, microbial ecology, food web dynamics, air–sea exchange, and pollutant distribution and transport. Exopolymeric substances (EPS) from various marine microbes are one of the major sources for marine microgels. Due to their amphiphilic nature, many types of pollutants, especially hydrophobic ones, have been found to preferentially associate with marine microgels. The interactions between pollutants and microgels can significantly impact the transport, sedimentation, distribution, and the ultimate fate of these pollutants in the ocean. This review on marine gels focuses on the discussion of the interactions between gel-forming EPS and pollutants, such as oil and other hydrophobic pollutants, nanoparticles, and metal ions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Gel Interactions with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Pollutants

Santschi

Chin

Quigg

et al. 2021

Gels

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“…The P/C ratios for the colloidal EPS were generally higher (2.0–2.9) than those in the particulate EPS (1.18–2.54), suggesting the material released by the cells was stickier than that associated with the cells. These have previously been referred to as “unattached” versus “attached” EPS [ 11 , 62 ] and typically have different P/C ratios depending on the phase of the cells growth cycle and the stresses upon the cells [ 29 , 74 , 75 , 76 ]. Again, there were no significant differences due to OA; only the oil and oil plus dispersant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diatom aggregation when exposed to crude oil and chemical dispersant: Potential impacts of ocean acidification

et al. 2020

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Diatoms play a key role in the marine carbon cycle with their high primary productivity and release of exudates such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP). These exudates contribute to aggregates (marine snow) that rapidly transport organic material to the seafloor, potentially capturing contaminants like petroleum components. Ocean acidification (OA) impacts marine organisms, especially those that utilize inorganic carbon for photosynthesis and EPS production. Here we investigated the response of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana grown to present day and future ocean conditions in the presence of a water accommodated fraction (WAF and OAWAF) of oil and a diluted chemically enhanced WAF (DCEWAF and OADCEWAF). T . pseudonana responded to WAF/DCEWAF but not OA and no multiplicative effect of the two factors (i.e., OA and oil/dispersant) was observed. T . pseudonana released more colloidal EPS (< 0.7 μm to > 3 kDa) in the presence of WAF/DCEWAF/OAWAF/OADCEWAF than in the corresponding Controls. Colloidal EPS and particulate EPS in the oil/dispersant treatments have higher protein-to-carbohydrate ratios than those in the control treatments, and thus are likely stickier and have a greater potential to form aggregates of marine oil snow. More TEP was produced in response to WAF than in Controls; OA did not influence its production. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and distributions were significantly impacted by the presence of dispersants but not OA. PAHs especially Phenanthrenes, Anthracenes, Chrysenes, Fluorenes, Fluoranthenes, Pyrenes, Dibenzothiophenes and 1-Methylphenanthrene show major variations in the aggregate and surrounding seawater fraction of oil and oil plus dispersant treatments. Studies like this add to the current knowledge of the combined effects of aggregation, marine snow formation, and the potential impacts of oil spills under ocean acidification scenarios.

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“…However, dispersants also cause microbes to alter both EPS abundance and composition (e.g., protein-carbohydrate ratio; Xu et al, 2018aXu et al, ,b, 2019. Proteinrich/hydrophobic EPS shows more resistance to dispersion and can facilitate MOS formation due to their high stickiness (Chiu et al, 2019;Santschi et al, 2020;Shiu et al, 2020). Therefore, MOS formation appears to be dependent on the relative strength of opposing mechanisms (e.g., microgel destabilization and TEP dispersion vs. changes in EPS release; Figure 2).…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Oil Snow, a Microbial Perspective

Gregson

McKew

Holland³

et al. 2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Under certain conditions, dispersed crude oil in the sea combines with organisms, organic matter, and minerals to form marine oil snow (MOS), thereby contributing to the sinking of oil to the seafloor. Marine microbes are the main players in MOS formation, particularly via the production of extracellular polymeric substances. Distinct groups of microbes also consume the majority of the hydrocarbons during descent, leading to enrichment of the less bioavailable hydrocarbons and asphaltenes in the residue. Here we discuss the dynamics of microbial communities in MOS together with their impacts on MOS evolution. We explore the effects of dispersant application on MOS formation, and consider ways in which laboratory experiments investigating MOS formation can be more representative of the situation in the marine environment, which in turn will improve our understanding of the contribution of MOS to the fate of spilled oil.

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Protein to carbohydrate (P/C) ratio changes in microbial extracellular polymeric substances induced by oil and Corexit

Cited by 29 publications

References 57 publications

Marine Gel Interactions with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Pollutants

Marine Gel Interactions with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Pollutants

Diatom aggregation when exposed to crude oil and chemical dispersant: Potential impacts of ocean acidification

Marine Oil Snow, a Microbial Perspective

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