Protein synthesis and morphological changes in the secretory epithelium of the venom gland of Crotalus durissus terrificus at different times after manual extraction of venom

Lucca, Fernando Luiz De; Haddad, Antônio; Kochva, Elazar; Rothschild, A. M.; Valeri, V.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(74)90003-8

Cited by 44 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The maximal synthetic activity of the secretory cells and the highest mRNA concentrations are observed after 4-8 days. Afterward, the synthetic activity decreases, and venom gradually accumulates in the gland lumen, while the epithelium returns to the quiescent stage (Ben-Shaul et al, 1971;Carneiro et al, 1991;De Lucca et al, 1974;Kochva, 1978;Oron and Bdolah, 1973;Rotenberg et al, 1971). Thus, a complete venom production cycle is much longer than the protein production cycle in mammalian salivary and pancreatic glands (Amsterdam et al, 1969;Jamieson and Palade, 1967a;Jamieson and Palade, 1967b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sympathetic outflow activates the venom gland of the snakeBothrops jararacaby regulating the activation of transcription factors and the synthesis of venom gland proteins

Luna

Hortencio

Ferreira

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe venom gland of viperid snakes has a central lumen where the venom produced by secretory cells is stored. When the venom is lost from the gland, the secretory cells are activated and new venom is produced. The production of new venom is triggered by the action of noradrenaline on both α 1 -and β-adrenoceptors in the venom gland. In this study, we show that venom removal leads to the activation of transcription factors NFκB and AP-1 in the venom gland. In dispersed secretory cells, noradrenaline activated both NFκB and AP-1. Activation of NFκB and AP-1 depended on phospholipase C and protein kinase A. Activation of NFκB also depended on protein kinase C. Isoprenaline activated both NFκB and AP-1, and phenylephrine activated NFκB and later AP-1. We also show that the protein composition of the venom gland changes during the venom production cycle. Striking changes occurred 4 and 7 days after venom removal in female and male snakes, respectively. Reserpine blocks this change, and the administration of α 1 -and β-adrenoceptor agonists to reserpine-treated snakes largely restores the protein composition of the venom gland. However, the protein composition of the venom from reserpinized snakes treated with α 1 -or β-adrenoceptor agonists appears normal, judging from SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. A sexual dimorphism in activating transcription factors and activating venom gland was observed. Our data suggest that the release of noradrenaline after biting is necessary to activate the venom gland by regulating the activation of transcription factors and consequently regulating the synthesis of proteins in the venom gland for venom production.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sympathetic outflow activates the venom gland of the snakeBothrops jararacaby regulating the activation of transcription factors and the synthesis of venom gland proteins

Luna

Hortencio

Ferreira

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…It has been well established that the glandular epithelial cells become shorter and quiescent when the glands are full, but become enlarged and highly active in the production of toxins when the venom glands are empty (De Lucca et al, 1974). After venom extraction, an empty venom gland requires 40e50 days to completely refill, but maximal mRNA concentrations have been observed at 4e8 days post extraction (Kerchove et al, 2004).…”

Section: Based On Cloning Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom gland transcriptomics for identifying, cataloging, and characterizing venom proteins in snakes

Brahma

McCleary

Kini

et al. 2015

Toxicon

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“…FX is produced in the liver constitutively [14,15] and hence produced at a steady-state level throughout its life. On the contrary, the expression of venom prothrombin activators is inducible [16,17] ; when the venom gland is empty, its expression reaches maximum, and when it is full, its expression is slowed down or stopped. Moreover, the level of expression of trocarin D in the venom gland is very high ( ϳ 1,150 times) compared to FX in the liver [9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Structures of Trocarin D and Coagulation Factor X, Two Functionally Diverse Prothrombin Activators from Australian Rough Scaled Snake

Reza

Swarup

Kini

2005

Pathophysiol Haemos Thromb

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Activation of prothrombin to thrombin is the key reaction in blood coagulation cascade. We have recently shown that Australian rough scaled snake, Tropidechis carinatus, possesses two parallel prothrombin activator systems. Trocarin D, a venom prothrombin activator produced in the venom gland, plays an offensive role as a toxin, whereas factor X is produced in the liver and plays a role in the hemostatic mechanism. These two proteins are structurally similar and have identical domain architecture. Because of the differences in their physiological roles, and tissue-specific expression, we determined the gene structure of these closely related proteins. Both the genes have eight exons similar to all mammalian factor X genes. All the exon-intron boundaries of these two genes are at the same position and the splice junctions are almost identical. Partial sequencing of the introns shows that they share a very high degree of sequence identity indicating that the gene duplication is a recent event. Further studies on the characterization of these two genes particularly the promoter regions are in progress.

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Protein synthesis and morphological changes in the secretory epithelium of the venom gland of Crotalus durissus terrificus at different times after manual extraction of venom

Cited by 44 publications

References 9 publications

Sympathetic outflow activates the venom gland of the snakeBothrops jararacaby regulating the activation of transcription factors and the synthesis of venom gland proteins

Sympathetic outflow activates the venom gland of the snakeBothrops jararacaby regulating the activation of transcription factors and the synthesis of venom gland proteins

Venom gland transcriptomics for identifying, cataloging, and characterizing venom proteins in snakes

Gene Structures of Trocarin D and Coagulation Factor X, Two Functionally Diverse Prothrombin Activators from Australian Rough Scaled Snake

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