Protein-protected red emittive copper nanoclusters as a fluorometric probe for highly sensitive biosensing of creatinine

Abstract

We describe red emittive bovine serum albumin-modified copper nanoclusters (BSA-CuNCs) applied as a precise fluorescent nanoprobe for the optical recognition of creatinine in human urine samples.

Copper nanoclusters: designed synthesis, structural diversity, and multiplatform applications

“…LOD of 50 nM has been reached when BSA-CuNCs were implemented as a turn-off sensing platform for creatinine directly applicable for clinical samples. 322 Cholesterol is an essential substance for the body, and it is involved in the production of hormones and vitamin D, as well as in the digestion of food. Nevertheless, the high levels of cholesterol in the blood (mostly due to the diet) represent a silent danger and can cause heart attacks (due to the build-up of plaques that can block or narrow arteries).…”

Optical Supramolecular Sensing of Creatinine

“…12,13 The selection of synthetic receptor units is a key element in the design of supramolecular sensors. In this respect, aryl-extended calix [4]pyrroles 14 and their cavitand derivatives are well-known receptors for the effective binding of neutral polar species, as well as mono-and polyatomic anions. 15 The superior binding properties of these receptors are inherent to the structural elements that relate to their cone conformation.…”

The synthesis of switch-off fluorescent water-stable copper nanocluster Hg2+ sensors via a simple one-pot approach by an in situ metal reduction strategy in the presence of a thiolated polymer ligand template

“…Thus, recently, two overviews of the topic have been published. 40,41 Different biomolecules have been tested as stabilizing ligands for red-emitting CuNCs on the basis of complexation and redox reactions between copper(II) and different biomolecules, such as D-penillamine, 14,20,42 glutathione, 2,35 albumin, 18,43 and cysteine. 44,45 In addition to small ligands, macromolecules have been assayed, giving rise to green-emitting CuNCs with polyvinylpyrrolidone, 46 red-emitting CuNCs with β-galactosidase, 21 blue-emitting CuNCs with lysozyme, 47 and blue and yellow-emitting CuNCs stabilized with trypsin.…”

“…2 Some recent literature articles have focused on achieving protected CuNCs; almost all of these refer to the use of mole-cular ligands bearing functional groups that are able to conjugate with the metallic surface, such as different thiolated molecules, amino acids, or even small proteins. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Most of these authors have postulated that thiol groups are responsible for the reduction and functionalization of CuNCs. In all cases, brush-type functionalized CuNCs with emission centered in the red/blue region of the visible spectrum have been obtained, and their emissive properties are highly dependent on the pH of the medium.…”