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Evodiamine is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Evodia rutaecarpa plant. It has various pharmacological effects including anti‐cancer, anti‐bacterial, anti‐obesity, anti‐neurodegenerative, anti‐depressant, and cardiac protective properties. Evodiamine demonstrates potent anti‐cancer activity by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Despite the health‐promoting properties of evodiamine, its clinical use is hindered by low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and toxicity. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative drug delivery systems for evodiamine to enhance its solubility, permeability, and stability, as well as to facilitate targeted, prolonged, and controlled drug release. Nanocarriers can increase the therapeutic potential of evodiamine in cancer therapy while reducing adverse side effects. To date, numerous attempts have been made through the development of smart nanocarriers to overcome the drawbacks of evodiamine. This review focuses on the pharmacological applications, anti‐cancer mechanisms, and limitations of evodiamine. Various nanocarriers, including lipid‐based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, and so forth, have been discussed extensively for evodiamine delivery. Nano‐drug delivery systems could increase the solubility, bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of evodiamine. This review aims to present a comprehensive and critical evaluation of several nano‐formulations of evodiamine for cancer therapy. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Evodiamine is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Evodia rutaecarpa plant. It has various pharmacological effects including anti‐cancer, anti‐bacterial, anti‐obesity, anti‐neurodegenerative, anti‐depressant, and cardiac protective properties. Evodiamine demonstrates potent anti‐cancer activity by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Despite the health‐promoting properties of evodiamine, its clinical use is hindered by low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and toxicity. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative drug delivery systems for evodiamine to enhance its solubility, permeability, and stability, as well as to facilitate targeted, prolonged, and controlled drug release. Nanocarriers can increase the therapeutic potential of evodiamine in cancer therapy while reducing adverse side effects. To date, numerous attempts have been made through the development of smart nanocarriers to overcome the drawbacks of evodiamine. This review focuses on the pharmacological applications, anti‐cancer mechanisms, and limitations of evodiamine. Various nanocarriers, including lipid‐based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, and so forth, have been discussed extensively for evodiamine delivery. Nano‐drug delivery systems could increase the solubility, bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of evodiamine. This review aims to present a comprehensive and critical evaluation of several nano‐formulations of evodiamine for cancer therapy. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The combination of natural and synthetic polymers for nanomedicine development had many advantages, including less toxicity, biocompatibility, prolonged circulation, higher stability, and ease of surface modification. Here, a novel folic acid-conjugated Camptothecin-loaded-poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid-glutenin nanoparticles (FA-CPT-PLGA-Glu NPs) was fabricated to treat breast cancer. FA-CPT-PLGA-Glu NPs target breast cancer cells via upregulated folate receptors and delivered their toxic payloads without disrupting healthy cells. First, CPT-loaded PLGA NPs were created using a modified emulsification/evaporation technique. Second, Glu-based CPT-PLGA NPs were synthesized using a layer-by-layer assembly, and their physiochemical properties were validated. CPT encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity into PLGA-Glu NPs were 74.95 ± 1.34% and 4.78 ± 1.08%, respectively. CPT-PLGA-Glu NPs exhibited sustained and controlled release of loaded-CPT from NPs, and the highest content was released in an acidic environment (pH 5.3), which will be advantageous for cancer treatment. Later, FA-CPT-PLGA-Glu NPs were synthesized by simple conjugation chemistry. The fabricated FA-CPT-PLGA-Glu NPs were around 100 nm in size, with a spherical form and crystalline nature. FA-CPT-PLGA-Glu NPs show strong cytotoxicity activity, and its IC50 value was 16.33 µg × mL− 1 against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). This folate-receptor-targeted NPs are more effectively internalized into MCF-7 cells, causing ROS generation, cell growth inhibition, and apoptosis. The activity of caspase-3 and − 9 causes MCF-7 cells apoptosis by internalized CPT. Further, internalized CPT induces potential loss of mitochondrial transmembrane and damages the nuclear integrity of the cancer cells. These results showed that the FA-CPT-PLGA-Glu NPs target upregulated folate receptors on the surface of MCF-7 cells.
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