Protein metabolism and growth of term infants in response to a reduced-protein, 40:60 whey: casein formula with added tryptophan

Hanning, Rhona M.; Paes, Bosco; Atkinson, Stephanie A.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/56.6.1004

Cited by 42 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…All but 2 studies included infants of both sexes, while Fomon et al [10] and Carnielli et al [11] enrolled male infants only. Ten of 14 studies aimed to investigate the suitability and safety of the formulae with a focus on protein and carbohydrate contents [2,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19], while studies focused on fat composition aimed to investigate fat or mineral balances [11,20,21]. Schmelzle et al [17] and Lasekan et al [19] studied modified carbohydrate components in formulae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The studies of Koo et al [20], Kennedy et al [21], and Carnielli et al [11] investigated formulae with modified fat contents. Most of the included studies focused on the protein component [2,10,12,13,14,15,16,17]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Observational data indicate that energetic efficiency (EE; growth-weight gain or length gain per 100 kcal) is 11% higher in BF infants than in FF infants [2,3]. Limited data is available on the relationship between the composition of infant formulae and their corresponding EE for growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energetic Efficiency of Infant Formulae: A Review

Fleddermann¹,

Demmelmair²,

Koletzko³

2014

Ann Nutr Metab

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Breast-fed and formula-fed infants differ in terms of nutrient intake, growth, and metabolic and endocrine responses. The energetic efficiency, i.e. the weight or length gain per 100 kcal of energy intake, of breast-fed infants is about 11% higher than the energetic efficiency of formula-fed infants. Only limited data is available on the influence of formula composition on the energetic efficiency of infant formulae. We conducted a review of controlled trials to identify the impact of the macronutrient composition of infant formulae on energetic efficiency. An electronic literature search was conducted in February 2014. Intervention trials that investigated the effect of an infant formula with a modified macronutrient composition and reported the weight, length, and nutritional intake of apparently healthy, term, fully formula-fed infants with a normal weight were included. Thirteen trials met the inclusion criteria. The results showed no effect of the total content of energy, carbohydrate, protein, or fat on energetic efficiency. In contrast, small increasing effects of higher glycemic carbohydrates on energetic efficiency were identified. Improved fat absorption via the use of palmitic acid at the sn-2 ester position of triacylglycerol increased the energetic efficiency by 11%. The quality of formula protein, specifically an increased whey-to-casein ratio, an increased α-lactalbumin content, or a higher tryptophan content increased the energetic efficiency by about 13%. We conclude that fat absorption and protein quality have the potential to modulate energetic efficiency and may contribute to the observed differences in growth and metabolism between breast-fed and formula-fed infants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energetic Efficiency of Infant Formulae: A Review

Fleddermann¹,

Demmelmair²,

Koletzko³

2014

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…A number of further studies have evaluated lower protein formulas with the addition of free tryptophan. Two studies (Fazzolari-Nesci et al, 1992 andHanning et al, 1992) compared a control whey-dominant protein formula (15 g/l), both to an EF with added tryptophan (13 g/l protein, whey to casein ratio of 40:60), and to HM. While the mean plasma tryptophan levels in the group receiving the control formula were significantly lower than breast-fed infants, the levels in the supplemented groups were similar to the breast-fed infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

α-Lactalbumin-rich infant formula fed to healthy term infants in a multicenter study: plasma essential amino acids and gastrointestinal tolerance

Davis¹,

Harris²,

Lien

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an a-lactalbumin-enriched formula with a protein profile and total protein concentration closer to human milk (HM) and lower than conventional formulas. Subjects/methods: Two hundred and sixteen healthy, term infants, p14 days post-natal age were enrolled and 166 (76.9%) completed the study. Timed post-prandial plasma essential amino-acid levels were determined after 8 weeks of ad libitum study feeding. Study events were assessed every 2 weeks. Results: At 8 weeks, all mean plasma essential amino-acid levels in the experimental formula (EF) group were as high as the standard formula (SF) and HM groups. The incidence of feeding-related gastrointestinal (GI) events varied significantly (P ¼ 0.025) across groups: SF (31.3%), EF (17.2%) and HM (13.6%), with SF being significantly higher than HM (P ¼ 0.015). Study withdrawals due to feeding-related GI events were significantly different (P ¼ 0.001) across groups: SF (12.5%), EF (4.7%), and HM (0%). The timing of GI events was also significantly different across groups (P ¼ 0.010). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that feeding a higher quality, lower protein concentration formula (a-lactalbuminenriched) met all essential amino acid and protein requirements of infants. The GI tolerance profile of infants receiving the EF was similar to HM-fed infants.

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“…Low plasma tryptophan levels may be of concern as tryptophan is an essential amino acid and a precursor of serotonin and niacin. Addition of free tryptophan to a low protein formula has been found to result in plasma tryptophan levels similar to those of breast fed infants, and to influence the infants' sleep latency (Hanning et al 1992;Fazzolari-Nesci et al 1992;Steinberg et al 1992).…”

Section: P R O T E I N Q U a N T I T Ymentioning

confidence: 99%