Protein Mediated Enzyme Immobilization

Abstract

Enzyme immobilization is an essential technology for commercializing biocatalysis. It imparts stability, recoverability, and other valuable features that improve the effectiveness of biocatalysts. While many avenues to join an enzyme to solid phases exist, protein‐mediated immobilization is rapidly developing and has many advantages. Protein‐mediated immobilization allows for the binding interaction to be genetically coded, can be used to create artificial multienzyme cascades, and enables modular designs that expand the variety of enzymes immobilized. By designing around binding interactions between protein domains, they can be integrated into functional materials for protein immobilization. These materials are framed within the context of biocatalytic performance, immobilization efficiency, and stability of the materials. In this review, supports composed entirely of protein are discussed first, with systems such as cellulosomes and protein cages being discussed alongside newer technologies like spore‐based biocatalysts and forizymes. Protein‐composite materials such as polymersomes and protein–inorganic supraparticles are then discussed to demonstrate how protein‐mediated strategies are applied to many classes of solid materials. Critical analysis and future directions of protein‐based immobilization are then discussed, with a particular focus on both computational and design strategies to advance this area of research and make it more broadly applicable to many classes of enzymes.

Enhanced Activity of Enzyme Immobilized on Hydrophobic ZIF‐8 Modified by Ni2+ Ions

“…Immobilization of enzymes on/in various carriers, such as fibrin, membranes, grapheme, inorganic polymers, porous silica, etc. has been proved as one of the most attractive concepts to overcome these drawbacks [12–20] . Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of organic–inorganic hybrid materials with permanent porosity, high surface area, and crystallinity [21–28] .…”

Programming an Orthogonal Self-Assembling Protein Cascade Based on Reactive Peptide–Protein Pairs for In Vitro Enzymatic Trehalose Production

“…The widespread application of protein nanostructures in the construction of multienzyme systems with controllable spatial arrangement and precise location proves their potential as universal scaffolds. − Nature has developed a series of strategies to create self-assembling protein nanostructures with highly specialized biological functions. , The ethanolamine utilization (Eut) bacterial microdomain (BMC) of Salmonella enterica is a special protein nanostructure, which can prevent the volatile intermediate acetaldehyde from entering the cytoplasm to reduce its toxicity . The shell plane protein (EutM) of the microcompartment (Eut-BMC) can self-assemble into hexamers, and these basic building blocks pack tightly side by side into a molecular layer or sheet (Figure a). − EutM can self-assemble in the form of large protein filaments in vivo and crystal arrays in vitro .…”

Bioconjugation Strategies for Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus

“…Building on the development or repurposing of viruses as nanoparticles – also termed viral nanoparticles (VNPs) – for drug delivery targeting human health, [10–16] there also has been growing interest in using the application of VNPs in precision agriculture for delivery of agrochemicals [17–19] . In addition, viral nanotechnology is a powerful platform for specially controlled and programmed materials assembly for development of advanced biocatalytic materials [20–25] . Some prominent examples of plant viruses and bacteriophages utilized in viral nanotechnology include: virus‐like particles (VLPs, which are devoid of the viral genome) of Qβ and Physalis mottle virus (PhMV) [26,27] and VNPs from plants such as Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), Potato virus X (PVX), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) [28–35] .…”

“…[17][18][19] In addition, viral nanotechnology is a powerful platform for specially controlled and programmed materials assembly for development of advanced biocatalytic materials. [20][21][22][23][24][25] Some prominent examples of plant viruses and bacteriophages utilized in viral nanotechnology include: viruslike particles (VLPs, which are devoid of the viral genome) of Qβ and Physalis mottle virus (PhMV) [26,27] and VNPs from plants such as Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), Potato virus X (PVX), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV). [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] In particular, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been extensively analyzed for its reactivity and demonstrated as a robust platform in materials science, drug delivery, and structural biology.…”