Protein Malnutrition in Young Children

Scrimshaw, Nevin S.; Behar, Moisés

doi:10.1126/science.133.3470.2039

Cited by 117 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Adequate protein intake has been a concern and controversy in international nutrition community for the past 50 years [1,2]. Recently adequate protein intake has been defined by a World Health Organization (WHO) consensus review of the evidence [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consuming cassava as a staple food places children 2-5 years old at risk for inadequate protein intake, an observational study in Kenya and Nigeria

Stephenson

Amthor

Mallowa

et al. 2010

Nutr J

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BackgroundInadequate protein intake is known to be deleterious in animals. Using WHO consensus documents for human nutrient requirements, the protein:energy ratio (P:E) of an adequate diet is > 5%. Cassava has a very low protein content. This study tested the hypothesis that Nigerian and Kenyan children consuming cassava as their staple food are at greater risk for inadequate dietary protein intake than those children who consume less cassava.MethodsA 24 hour dietary recall was used to determine the food and nutrient intake of 656 Nigerian and 449 Kenyan children aged 2-5 years residing in areas where cassava is a staple food. Anthropometric measurements were conducted. Diets were scored for diversity using a 12 point score. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients were calculated to relate the fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava with protein intake, P:E, and dietary diversity.ResultsThe fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava was > 25% in 35% of Nigerian children and 89% of Kenyan children. The mean dietary diversity score was 4.0 in Nigerian children and 4.5 in Kenyan children, although the mean number of different foods consumed on the survey day in Nigeria was greater than Kenya, 7.0 compared to 4.6. 13% of Nigerian and 53% of Kenyan children surveyed had inadequate protein intake. The fraction of dietary energy derived from cassava was negatively correlated with protein intake, P:E, and dietary diversity. Height-for age z score was directly associated with protein intake and negatively associated with cassava consumption using regression modeling that controlled for energy and zinc intake.ConclusionsInadequate protein intake was found in the diets of Nigerian and Kenyan children consuming cassava as a staple food. Inadequate dietary protein intake is associated with stunting in this population. Interventions to increase protein intake in this vulnerable population should be the focus of future work.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consuming cassava as a staple food places children 2-5 years old at risk for inadequate protein intake, an observational study in Kenya and Nigeria

Stephenson

Amthor

Mallowa

et al. 2010

Nutr J

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“…However, Kumate et al found a decrease of about 20 per cent shared by four components of hemolytic complement, C 1-4, in 118 malnourished children (187), and observed a 60 per cent re duction of 7S 'Yz-globulin in malnourished Mexican children (400 versus 1000 mg/IOO ml) [cited by Cravioto (27)J. Children with Kwashiorkor apparently have poor leukocyte response to infections (5,18,188) although this is not very clear-cut. For example, most of the 34 Egyptian infants with severe PCM studied by Sanstead et al (127) had infections with WEC = 13,200 ± 9800.…”

Section: Growth Of the Newbornmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical Effects of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition in Man

Metcoff¹

1967

Annu. Rev. Med.

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“…Low levels of animal protein intake among Nigerians result from a low level of beef consumption per capita (BCPC). This low level of beef consumption is strongly linked to malnutrition, especially among children in developing countries [1][2][3][4]). Several studies recommend a supply-side approach to meet consumption needs, such as increasing herd size, livestock density and supply chain efficiency, while noting the negative impacts on land and environment [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A System Dynamics Model of Supply-Side Issues Influencing Beef Consumption in Nigeria

Odoemena

Walters

Kleemann³

2020

Sustainability

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The per capita consumption of beef in Nigeria is reducing amidst a rising population that is dependent on beef as a major source of animal protein. In this paper, a system dynamics (SD) model was developed with the aim of testing exploratory policies aimed at reversing this trend. The simulations of various policy tests showed that, of all the policies tested, having a higher carcass yield seems to be the most efficient solution, but its feasibility faces some steep biological and ecological challenges. However, a combination of policies that cuts across the land–cattle–market nexus is necessary to obtain a consumption level that almost meets the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for recommended animal protein intake. Complex inter-linked systems, like beef production and consumption, require a systemic approach that considers dynamic feedback to avoid fixes that fail or shift the burden when making policy decisions.

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Protein Malnutrition in Young Children

Cited by 117 publications

References 23 publications

Consuming cassava as a staple food places children 2-5 years old at risk for inadequate protein intake, an observational study in Kenya and Nigeria

Consuming cassava as a staple food places children 2-5 years old at risk for inadequate protein intake, an observational study in Kenya and Nigeria

Biochemical Effects of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition in Man

A System Dynamics Model of Supply-Side Issues Influencing Beef Consumption in Nigeria

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