Protein lysine four‐carbon acylations in health and disease

Abstract

Lysine acylation, a type of posttranslational protein modification sensitive to cellular metabolic states, influences the functions of target proteins involved in diverse cellular processes. Particularly, lysine butyrylation, crotonylation, β‐hydroxybutyrylation, and 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation, four types of four‐carbon acylations, are modulated by intracellular concentrations of their respective acyl‐CoAs and sensitive to alterations of nutrient metabolism induced by cellular and/or environmental signals. In this review, we discussed the metabolic pathways producing these four‐carbon acyl‐CoAs, the regulation of lysine acylation and deacylation, and the functions of individual lysine acylation.

Protein modifications and diseases

“…Lysine acylation is a type of posttranslational protein modification (PTM) sensitive to cellular metabolic states, regulating diverse cellular processes through target proteins (Fang & Li, 2023). In addition to classic lysine acylation like acetylation and methylation, the fast development of high‐resolution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) has promoted discoveries of new PTMs and biological functions of these acylations (Fang & Li, 2023). Particularly, Fang and Li (2023) summarized four types of four‐carbon acylations which are highly sensitive to nutrient alterations, including lysine butyrylation, crotonylation, β‐hydroxybutyrylation, and 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation.…”

“…Second, this special issue includes several papers focusing exploration and summarization on lysine acylation. Lysine acylation is a type of posttranslational protein modification (PTM) sensitive to cellular metabolic states, regulating diverse cellular processes through target proteins (Fang & Li, 2023). In addition to classic lysine acylation like acetylation and methylation, the fast development of high‐resolution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) has promoted discoveries of new PTMs and biological functions of these acylations (Fang & Li, 2023).…”

“…In addition to classic lysine acylation like acetylation and methylation, the fast development of high‐resolution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) has promoted discoveries of new PTMs and biological functions of these acylations (Fang & Li, 2023). Particularly, Fang and Li (2023) summarized four types of four‐carbon acylations which are highly sensitive to nutrient alterations, including lysine butyrylation, crotonylation, β‐hydroxybutyrylation, and 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation. The authors also discussed the metabolic pathways producing these four‐carbon acyl‐CoAs which regulate lysine acylation and deacylation, and functions of these lysine acylation (Fang & Li, 2023).…”

“…Particularly, Fang and Li (2023) summarized four types of four‐carbon acylations which are highly sensitive to nutrient alterations, including lysine butyrylation, crotonylation, β‐hydroxybutyrylation, and 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation. The authors also discussed the metabolic pathways producing these four‐carbon acyl‐CoAs which regulate lysine acylation and deacylation, and functions of these lysine acylation (Fang & Li, 2023). Another study in this special issue reported new role of SIRT6‐mediated metabolic regulation in pulmonary fibrosis (He et al, 2023).…”