Protein leverage and energy intake

Gosby, Alison K.; Conigrave, Arthur D.; Raubenheimer, David; Simpson, Stephen J.

doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.697

Cited by 28 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The consistent protein intake is in keeping with evidence suggesting that humans more strongly regulate their intake of protein over non-protein macronutrients (Simpson and Raubenheimer, 2005;Martinez-Cordero et al, 2012;Gosby et al, 2014;Raubenheimer et al, 2016). A variety of animals have been shown to have separate appetite systems for protein, fat, and carbohydrates (Raubenheimer and Simpson, 1997;Berthoud and Seeley, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Gluttony and guilt: monthly trends in internet search query data are comparable with national-level energy intake and dieting behavior

2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Systems for monitoring population-level diet and nutritional intake have been considered insufficient across many countries. Recently, internet search query data have been used to examine spatial and temporal patterns of public behavior to inform publichealth campaigns, policies, and interventions. Seasonal trends in public interest in behavioral change associated with obesity have been documented using such data. However, it has not been validated whether search query data can be related to diet and nutritional intake at the population level. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether trends in search query data related to behavioral changes associated with obesity reflects population nutritional intake and dieting behavior. First, long-term (2004 to 2016) trends in Australian Google search behavior were examined for the terms "weight loss", "diet", and "fitness" to establish monthly patterns in relative search volume (RSV). Second, monthly total energy (kJ), macronutrient, and food intake of the Australian population, and the percentage of self-reported dieters, were quantified using data collected as part of a 2011-2012 national-level survey. The two independent data sets were then compared to ascertain similarities in trends. There were distinct patterns in RSV across months, which was significantly higher than the mean during January, and lower during December, for all search terms. The decline in RSV was not linear, however, as there were significantly lower RSVs for terms during May to July, and significantly higher from August to October. Likewise, nutritional data showed a seasonal pattern, with the energy intake of survey participants highest in December and lowest in February, and the percentage of self-reported dieters closely followed monthly patterns in RSV. The proportion of energy from protein was consistent across months examined; however, energy from lipid and carbohydrate + fiber, was variable between months. Likewise, consumption patterns of different food groups was variable across months. Our analysis suggests that search query data can be used to surveil and predict dietary behavior at the population level, which has implications for producing novel and contemporaneous health information and marketing strategies.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Gluttony and guilt: monthly trends in internet search query data are comparable with national-level energy intake and dieting behavior

2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Assuming perfect protein leverage to accommodate the dilution of protein in the food supply, the predicted increase in total energy intake was found to potentially explain about two-thirds of the observed rise in mean adult body weight as shown in Figure 1C. Furthermore, even partial protein leverage (L = 0.5, which is similar to that suggested by Gosby et al (11)) may have contributed about one-third of the observed average adult weight gain during the US obesity epidemic.…”

supporting

confidence: 76%

The potential role of protein leverage in the US obesity epidemic

Hall¹

2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The protein leverage model of obesity posits that decreasing the protein fraction of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake in an attempt to maintain a target amount of absolute protein consumed. The resulting increased energy intake thereby causes weight gain. According to food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, while the absolute protein content of the US food supply has increased since the early 1970s, the fraction of available calories from protein has decreased by ~1% because of greater increases in available carbohydrate and fat. Counterintuitively, even such a small decrease in the protein fraction of the food supply has the potential to result in relatively large increases in energy intake according to the protein leverage model. Therefore, while the protein leverage effect is unlikely to fully explain the obesity epidemic, its potential contribution should not be ignored.Higher protein diets can assist with weight loss by sparing fat-free mass while increasing both satiety and energy expenditure (1). Conversely, lower protein diets might be expected to promote weight gain and obesity. Indeed, the protein leverage model of obesity (2) posits that decreasing the protein fraction of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake in an attempt to maintain a target amount of absolute protein intake. Increased energy intake thereby results in weight gain. The protein leverage model is intriguing, but questions remain about the validity of the concept in human nutrition. For example, it is unclear why studies investigating three levels of dietary protein have not reproducibly found significant changes in energy intake across all protein groups as would be required to achieve a similar target absolute level of protein intake across diets. Specifically, two experimental studies in humans failed to detect increased energy intake when a low-protein diet with 5% of total energy as protein was compared with a moderate 15% protein diet (3,4). As a result, the low-protein diet led to a substantial reduction in absolute protein intake. In those same studies, the higher protein diet with 30% of total energy as protein led to decreased energy intake, but this was insufficient to prevent an increase in absolute protein intake compared with the moderate-protein diet.In contrast, other studies have failed to detect decreases in energy intake with high-protein diets. For example, a 25% protein diet resulted in energy intake similar to a moderate 15% protein diet, whereas a 10% protein diet was found to increase energy intake compared with a moderate 15% protein diet but insufficiently to prevent a drop in absolute protein intake (5). Another study found a significant negative correlation between percent dietary protein and energy intake when adults who had recovered from marasmus or kwashiorkor were randomized to diets with 10%, 15%, and 25% of energy as protein, but absolute protein intake was positively correlated with the dietar...

show abstract

“…Such dominant regulation of P intake over C and lipid intake appears widespread in animals (Raubenheimer et al, 2015) and it has been argued that when P is in limited supply, this regulation can increase dietary consumption and the overall intake of energy leading to obesity and other metabolic disorders (referred to as the "protein leverage hypothesis"; Simpson and Raubenheimer 2005). Although there is considerable support for this hypothesis at the phenotypic level (e.g., Gosby et al 2014), our work provides novel insight into how this hypothesis can function at the genetic level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Little evidence for intralocus sexual conflict over the optimal intake of nutrients for life span and reproduction in the black field cricketTeleogryllus commodus

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is often large divergence in the effects of key nutrients on life span (LS) and reproduction in the sexes, yet nutrient intake is regulated in the same way in males and females given dietary choice. This suggests that the sexes are constrained from feeding to their sex‐specific nutritional optima for these traits. Here, we examine the potential for intralocus sexual conflict (IASC) over optimal protein and carbohydrate intake for LS and reproduction to constrain the evolution of sex‐specific nutrient regulation in the field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus. We show clear sex differences in the effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on LS and reproduction and strong positive genetic correlations between the sexes for the regulated intake of these nutrients. However, the between‐sex additive genetic covariance matrix had very little effect on the predicted evolutionary response of nutrient regulation in the sexes. Thus, IASC appears unlikely to act as an evolutionary constraint on sex‐specific nutrient regulation in T. commodus. This finding is supported by clear sexual dimorphism in the regulated intake of these nutrients under dietary choice. However, nutrient regulation did not coincide with the nutritional optima for LS or reproduction in either sex, suggesting that IASC is not completely resolved in T. commodus.

show abstract

Protein leverage and energy intake

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

Gluttony and guilt: monthly trends in internet search query data are comparable with national-level energy intake and dieting behavior

Gluttony and guilt: monthly trends in internet search query data are comparable with national-level energy intake and dieting behavior

The potential role of protein leverage in the US obesity epidemic

Little evidence for intralocus sexual conflict over the optimal intake of nutrients for life span and reproduction in the black field cricketTeleogryllus commodus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About