“…I. cappa is mainly composed of terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, organic acids, and volatile oil ( Xie, et al, 2007 ; Yao and Liang, 2008 ; Wu, et al, 2010 ; Hu and He, 2012 ; Guan, et al, 2014 ; Wu, et al, 2017 ; Yao, 2017 ; Zhou, et al, 2017 ). Modern pharmacological studies have indicated that I. cappa has many biological activities and exerts anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects ( Liu et al, 2009 ; Liu, et al, 2010 ; Jiraporn, et al, 2011 ; Xie, et al, 2012 ; Dong, et al, 2015 ; Li, 2017 ). Compared with the many studies on the pharmacological properties and chemical composition of I. cappa , there are few pharmacokinetic studies on its active ingredients, and cellular pharmacokinetic studies on its active ingredients are still lacking.…”