Protein kinase C and lipid signaling for sustained cellular responses

Abstract

Since the second messenger role was proposed for the products of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the biochemical mechanism of the intracellular signaling network. It is now becoming evident that stimulation of a cell surface receptor initiates a degradation cascade of various membrane lipid constituents. Many of their metabolites have potential to induce, intensify, and prolong the activation of protein kinase C that is needed for sustained cellular responses.

Phenotypic diversity and molecular mechanisms of airway smooth muscle proliferation in asthma

“…Once thought to be a single enzyme, PKC is now known to comprise a large family of enzymes with varying structure, cofactor requirements and function [101]. Its abundance and variation in both tissue and cellular distribution probably accounts for its participation in a vast array of signal transduction functions.…”

Regulatory network of genes associated with stimuli sensing, signal transduction and physiological transformation of appressorium inMagnaporthe oryzae

“…The calcium-dependent pathway regulates numerous cellular processes involving cell cycle, metabolism, and polarity in higher organisms (Berridge 1993). The activation of the calcium signalling cascade involves the interaction of ligands (growth factors and enzymes) with membrane surface receptors comprising heterotrimeric G proteins in the eukaryotic system (Nishizuka 1995). This association causes β-subunit dissociation from the complex and activation of membrane-bound protein phospholipase C. The rice blast genome encodes five phospholipase enzymes ( PLC 1, PLC 2, PLC 3, PLC 4 and PLC 5) that regulate conidiation, appressorium development and pathogenicity in M. oryzae (Choi et al 2011).…”

Historical review of research on protein kinase C in learning and memory

“…Ever since the discovery of PKC extensive biochemical analyses has revealed a complex cascade of events that underlie enhanced and sustained activation of PKC (Nishizuka 1995), which is thought necessary to explain the putative role of this enzyme in persistent cellular changes associated with learning and memory processes. The search for the role of PKC in learning and memory, and especially a persistently active or autonomous form that makes the enzyme less dependent on second messengers and thereby prolonging its action well beyond the initial stimulating event, will continue.…”

“…Also in the mid-1980s, it was first demonstrated that several cis unsaturated fatty acids, produced from phospholipids by the action of phospholipase Az, were able to activate PKC providing a second pathway for PKC activation (McPhail et al, 1984;Murakami and Routtenberg, 1985). After these initial studies, many other cellular factors were found to modulate PKC activity, and the biochemical mechanisms underlying PKC activity have been shown to be rather complex (Nishizuka, 1995;Liu, 1996). These modulations contribute to the fine-tuning of PKC activity necessary to ensure regulated PKC activity in the midst of complex intracellular signaling pathways such as known to occur, for example, in learning and memory processes.…”

“…Using a different PKC purification procedure, Woodgett and Hunter (1987) were the first to describe a doublet of PKC in Western blots, providing evidence that they represented two distinct forms of PKC. PKC was thereafter proven to be a complex family of closely related structures (Pears, 1995;Nishizuka, 1995) and to date at least 12 PKC isozymes have been identified and classified into three groups based on their structure and cofactor regulation. The discovery of the diverse PKC isoforms contributed to our understanding of the mystery how a great diversity of messages in cellular communication can be generated by only a limited number of different components: apparently this was not only achieved by multiple receptors, but by multiple PKC isofonns as well.…”