UGRP1 is a downstream target gene for homeodomain transcription factor T/EBP/NKX2.1, which is predominantly expressed in lung epithelial cells, and may play an anti-inflammatory role in lung inflammation. To understand the role of UGRP1 in inflammation, its expression was investigated in relation to cytokine signaling. In vivo experiments using mouse embryonic lung organ culture and intranasal administration of interleukin (IL) 10 revealed that constitutive expression of Ugrp1 mRNA is enhanced by IL-10. Increase of protein levels was also demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using embryonic lungs. This IL-10 induction of Ugrp1 gene expression occurs at the transcriptional level when examined using mouse embryonic lung primary cultures. Uteroglobin-related protein 1 (UGRP1) 1 was originally identified as a downstream target gene for homeodomain transcription factor T/EBP (thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein), also called thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) or NKX2.1 (1). T/EBP regulates the expression of thyroid-and lung-specific genes including thyroglobulin (2), thyroid peroxidase (3, 4), thyrotropin receptor (5), and Na/I symporter (6) in the thyroid, and surfactant proteins A (7), B (8), and C (9), and Clara cell secretory protein (10) in the lung. T/EBP is expressed in brain, thyroid, and lung epithelium during embryogenesis and is essential for the genesis of these organs (11). In adult lung, the expression of T/EBP is confined to both the conducting airways and type II alveolar epithelial cells (12).UGRP1, officially named Secretoglobin gene family 3A2 (13), is a novel gene encoding a homodimeric secretory protein of ϳ10 kDa that is highly expressed in epithelial cells of the trachea, bronchus, and bronchioles (1). Based on our previous results, there is considerable evidence to suggest that UGRP1 may function in the regulation of the local immune response in the lung. First, the human UGRP1 gene is located on chromosome 5q31-q32, a region where one of the asthma susceptibility genes was assigned and genes coding for several Th2-type cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 are located (13). Second, the UGRP1 amino acid sequence exhibits similarity to the UG/Clara cell secretory protein, which is known to function as an anti-inflammatory agent via inhibition of phospholipase A 2 (1). Third, a polymorphism (G/A) was identified in the human UGRP1 gene promoter that is associated with an increased risk of asthma in a Japanese population of adult asthmatic patients (14). Lastly, the mRNA level of Ugrp1 is decreased in inflamed mouse lungs, and returns to basal levels following dexamethasone treatment (1).IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine that was shown to mediate anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and tissue protective functions. The known IL-10 signaling is through binding to specific receptors IL-10R1 and IL-10R2, which leads to activation of the JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription) signal transduction pathways (15). An anti-inflammatory role for I...