Protein Isolation from 3D Hydrogel Scaffolds

Abstract

Protein isolation is an essential tool in cell biology to characterize protein abundance under various experimental conditions. Several protocols exist, tailored to cell culture or tissue sections, and have been adapted to particular downstream analyses (e.g., western blotting or mass spectrometry). An increasing trend in bioengineering and cell biology is to use three‐dimensional (3D) hydrogel‐based scaffolds for cell culture. In principle, the same protocols can be used to extract protein from hydrogel‐based cell and tissue constructs. However, in practice the yield and quality of the recovered protein pellet is often substantially lower when using standard protocols and requires tuning of multiple steps, including the selected lysis buffer and the scaffold homogenization strategy, as well as the methods for protein purification and reconstitution. We present here specific protocols tailored to common 3D hydrogels to help researchers using hydrogel‐based 3D cell culture improve the quantity and quality of their extracted protein. We focus on three materials: protease‐degradable PEG‐based hydrogels, collagen hydrogels, and alginate hydrogels. We discuss how the protein extraction procedure can be adapted to the scaffold of interest (degradable or non‐degradable gels), proteins of interests (soluble, matrix‐bound, or phosphoproteins), and downstream biochemical assays (western blotting or mass spectrometry). With the growing interest in 3D cell culture, the protocols presented should be useful to many researchers in cell biology, protein science, biomaterials, and bioengineering communities. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Isolating proteins from PEG‐based hydrogelsBasic Protocol 2: Isolating proteins from collagen hydrogelsBasic Protocol 3: Isolating proteins from alginate hydrogelsAlternate Protocol: Isolating protein from alginate gels using EDTA to dissolve the gelSupport Protocol: Isolating protein and RNA simultaneously from the same samples