Protein Intake during Energy Restriction: Effects on Body Composition and Markers of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health in Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

Objective-The primary aim of this study was to assess the effects of dietary protein intake on energy restriction (ER)-induced changes in body mass and body composition. Clinical markers of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases were also measured.Design-54 postmenopausal women, age 58 ± 2 y, body mass index 29.6 ± 0.8 kg/m 2 , were assigned to one of four groups. For 9 weeks, three ER groups ate a 1000 kcal/d lacto-ovo vegetarian basal diet plus 250 kcal/d of either beef (BEEF, n = 14), chicken (CHICKEN, n = 15), or carbohydrate/fat foods (CARB (lacto-ovo), n = 14), while a control group (CON, n = 11) consumed their habitual diets. For all ER subjects combined, body mass (−6.7 ± 2.4 kg, 9 %), fat mass (−4.6 ± 1.9 kg, 13 %), and fat-free mass (−2.1 ± 1.1 kg, 5 %) decreased. These responses did not differ among the ER groups, except for body mass (CHICKEN −7.9 ± 2.6 kg a ; BEEF −6.6 ± 2.7 kg a,b ; CARB −5.6 ± 1.8 kg b ; CON −1.2 ± 1.2 kg c ; values with a difference superscript differ, p < 0.05). From PRE (week 0) to POST (week 9), total and LDL cholesterol decreased ∼12%, with no differences among groups. Triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were not changed over time or differentially affected by diet. Results-EnergyConclusions-Overweight postmenopausal women can achieve significant weight loss and comparable short-term improvements in body composition and lipid-lipoprotein profile by consuming either a moderate-protein (25% of energy intake) poultry-or beef-containing diet or a lacto-ovo vegetarian protein (17% of energy intake) diet.

Macronutrients and type 1 diabetes (revision number 6)

“…Two trials were subsequently identified in the update search (Toscani et al, 2011;Gogebakan et al, 2011) Fasting total cholesterol 5.50. Twenty three randomised controlled trials that presented evidence on diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate to protein and fat on fasting total cholesterol were included in the meta-analysis (Clevidence et al, 1992;Golay et al, 1996;Brehm et al, 2003;Johnston et al, 2004;Meckling et al, 2004;Brehm et al, 2005;Dansinger et al, 2005;Ebbeling et al, 2005;Layman et al, 2005;Krauss et al, 2006;McMillan-Price et al, 2006;Noakes et al, 2006;Keogh et al, 2007;Mahon et al, 2007;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007;Maki et al, 2007b;Keogh et al, 2008;Lasker et al, 2008;Phillips et al, 2008;Stoernell et al, 2008;Sacks et al, 2009;de Luis et al, 2009b). Five trials were subsequently identified in the update search (Al-Sarraj et al, 2010;Krebs et al, 2010;Klemsdal et al, 2010;Lim et al, 2010;Wycherley et al, 2010) (Cardiometabolic review, the hyperlipidaemias and blood lipids chapter p 70-71; Update search table 72).…”

“…Forty six randomised controlled trials were identified that presented evidence on diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate to fat and/or protein in relation to measures of glycaemia. Four trials could not be included in the meta-analyses as they did not report the necessary data (Kirkwood et al, 2007;Mahon et al, 2007;Clifton et al, 2008;Dale et al, 2009). The trials have been stratified according to whether fat or protein, or both, were adjusted as a result of changes in carbohydrate intake (Cardio-metabolic review, diabetes chapter p184-186).…”

“…Saturated fatty acid intakes, in particular, are reduced in most of the higher carbohydrate diets, although weight loss differences between experimental groups appears to be less of an issue. In those trials which try to maintain saturated fatty acid intakes at similar levels between experimental groups there is still a lower intake of between 1-3% energy in the higher carbohydrate diets (Golay et al, 1996;Krauss et al, 2006;Mahon et al, 2007;Stoernell et al, 2008;Sacks et al, 2009;de Souza et al, 2012). It is not possible, therefore, to exclude confounding by concomitant decreases in saturated fatty acid intake on the effect on fasting total cholesterol concentration.…”

“…The fat content of the diet may affect fasting HDL-cholesterol concentration, with higher intake raising concentrations, which may in turn be affected by fatty acid composition (Clevidence et al, 1992;Brehm et al, 2003;Johnston et al, 2004;Pereira et al, 2004;Meckling et al, 2004;Brehm et al, 2005;Dansinger et al, 2005;Layman et al, 2005;Krauss et al, 2006;McMillan-Price et al, 2006;Noakes et al, 2006;Gardner et al, 2007;Keogh et al, 2007;Leidy et al, 2007;Mahon et al, 2007;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007;Maki et al, 2007b;Keogh et al, 2008;Phillips et al, 2008;Stoernell et al, 2008;Morgan et al, 2009;Sacks et al, 2009;de Luis et al, 2009b). Six trials were subsequently identified in the update search (Al-Sarraj et al, 2010;Hernandez et al, 2010;Klemsdal et al, 2010;Krebs et al, 2010;Lim et al, 2010;Wycherley et al, 2010) (Hernandez et al, 2010;Lim et al, 2010).…”

“…a concomitant reduction in fat intake  The effect is biologically relevant Fasting total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio 5.60. Nine randomised controlled trials that presented evidence on diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate to protein and fat on fasting total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio were included in the meta-analysis (Clevidence et al, 1992;Johnston et al, 2004;Dansinger et al, 2005;Krauss et al, 2006;McMillan-Price et al, 2006;Mahon et al, 2007;Maki et al, 2007b;Layman et al, 2009) (Pelkman et al, 2004;Howard et al, 2006b;Gardner et al, 2007). (Pelkman et al, 2004).…”