Protein-, Eisen- und Kupfer-Ver�nderungen im Serum bei Schwimmern vor und nach H�hentraining

Haralambie, G; Keul, J.; Theumert, Franziska

doi:10.1007/bf00444654

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Athletes in training have been reported to present, when examined at rest, a significantly higher serum a2 -macroglobulin (a2 -MG) level when compared to non-athletes (10). This observation was confirmed later, with the restriction that only athletes involved in a very intensive training program present this phenomenon (11,19). On the other hand, Szadkowski et al (35) found lower serum Zn levels in factory workers in a hot environment when compared to a control group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Serum Zinc in Athletes in Training

Haralambie¹

1981

Int J Sports Med

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Serum zinc was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 160 training athletes (57 females) in the morning at rest. In 23.3% of the male and 43% of the female athletes, serum Zn was lower than the limit accepted for the normal range (75 microgram/dl or 11.5 mumol/l). The average serum Zn (96.7 +/- 12.6 microgram/dl) and the range of the values found in a control group of 15 young adult males did not differ from the accepted values in the literature. In 22 randomly selected male athletes, serum Zn fractions were determined using polyethylene glycol precipitation at pH 7.1; 22.2% of total Zn was bóund to alpha2-macroglobulin, the ratio being very close to 1 atom of metal per molecule of globulin. The possible reasons that may influence the serum Zn level in athletes are discussed with regard to the present knowledge in both exercise physiology and metabolism of zinc in man.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Serum Zinc in Athletes in Training

Haralambie¹

1981

Int J Sports Med

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“…Several authors report reduced iron reserves in male and female athletes (3,7,8,22) or in subjects after several weeks of physical training (29). Other studies, however, failed to confirm these results (28); in swimmers after a training at altitude, increases of serum iron, hemoglobin, and transferrin were reported (12). In athletes, decreased serum iron values are generally considered to be an indication of diminished body iron stores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Ferritin, Transferrin, Haptoglobin, and Iron in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners, Elite Rowers, and Professional Racing Cyclists*

Dufaux¹,

Hoederath²,

Streitberger³

et al. 1981

Int J Sports Med

125

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Serum ferritin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and iron were measured in well-trained middle- and long-distance runners, elite rowers of the West German national team, and professional racing cyclists during the summer training and the winter rest period. None of the male athletes examined, with the exception of the racing cyclists during the summer period, received oral or parenteral iron. The runners were found to have significantly lower ferritin (P less than 0.00001), iron (P less than 0.001), and haptoglobin values (P less than 0.01) than the controls. Their transferrin levels were elevated, however not significantly. Rowers showed significantly higher ferritin levels (P less than 0.01) than the controls. The reduced haptoglobin concentrations in runners are presumed to be caused by a running-induced hemolysis. It is speculated that a recurring hemoglobinuria produced diminished iron reserves in middle- and long-distance runners.

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“…As is well known, iron turnover is affected both by altitude and by exercise. Preliminary investigation on altitude-trained top swimmers (five weeks at 2,000m -6,560 ft) showed essentially: a) higher resting levels of blood serum haptoglobin, transferrin, iron, copper, ceruloplasmin, and haemopexin 10 days after return to sea level compared with the levels before altitude training; and b) a decreased response of these factors to the same exercise programme (120 minutes swimming training) done 10 days after return from altitude, compared with the response immediately before starting the altitude training (22). Fig.…”

Section: Iron Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 97%

Influence of altitude training on muscle metabolism and performance in man.

Keul¹,

Cerny²

1974

Br J Sports Med

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A good deal of information is available on the influence of hypoxia, or altitude, on physical performance, especially during prolonged exercise (2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 18-22, 29, 33, 34-37, 41, 44, 45, 52). But, more than any other recent event, it was the Olympic Games in Mexico City that aroused so much interest in the problems surrounding altitude and sport performance; Four main questions were, at that time, asked.1. To what extent is performance affected at moderate altitude (about 2,000m -6,600 ft)?2. Can the negative effects be overcome by the processes of adaptation; to what extent can they be overcome; and how long does adaptation take? 3. Can extremely hard training at this altitude lead to any bodily harm?4. Can the performance at sea level be improved by training at altitude?This last question is still of considerable interest as we are constantly confronted with athletes who want to carry out some portion of their training programme at altitude to improve their performance at sea level. The Delivery of EnergyThe two main energy delivering pathways in the resynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) should here be recalled to mind:1. The breakdown of energy-yielding substrates without the participation of oxygen; that is, the anaerobic energy delivery.2. The degradation of substrates in which oxygen is the ultimate hydrogen acceptor; that is, the aerobic process. Figure 1 shows the shift of anaerobic to aerobic energy delivery in relation to the work time at sea level for individuals with high maximal power for both. For a maximal effort of less than two minutes duration, the anaerobic processes dominate, but for muscular work of more than two minutes duration the energy cost must be defrayed primarily through oxidative processes (29 reduced when the oxygen content in the inspired air, and therefore the oxygen content in the blood, is also red uced.In the following discussion the influence of adaptive mechanisms on the aerobic and anaerobic processes during altitude training must be separated.The values for arterial oxygen saturation, obtained under resting conditions at various altitudes, or using hypoxia-simulating gas mixtures, are reduced relative to those obtained at sea level (Fig. 2) (13,29). The effect of this decreasing arterial oxygen saturation is to reduce the ability to perform prolonged work.There is an actual diminution of the maximal oxygen uptake -or physical working capacity -for some days after arrival in Mexico City (Fig. 4). During residence at Mexico City (2,250m -7,382 ft) there is, however, an improvement as a resuft of various adaptive mechanisms; the maximal capacity as measured at sea level, nevertheless, was not reached even after prolonged residence. The measurements of different research groups show considerable variation in the degree both of diminution and of readjustment that can occur in maximal capacity (2,18,29,44,50,52 As a result of the lower arterial oxygen supply due to breathing a 15.9% hypoxic mixture under the same conditions of exercise, the coronary arterio-v...

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Protein-, Eisen- und Kupfer-Ver�nderungen im Serum bei Schwimmern vor und nach H�hentraining

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

Serum Zinc in Athletes in Training

Serum Zinc in Athletes in Training

Serum Ferritin, Transferrin, Haptoglobin, and Iron in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners, Elite Rowers, and Professional Racing Cyclists*

Influence of altitude training on muscle metabolism and performance in man.

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