Protein Digestion and Quality of Goat and Cow Milk Infant Formula and Human Milk Under Simulated Infant Conditions

Abstract

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the kinetics of true ileal protein digestion and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) of a goat milk-based infant formula (GIF), a cow milk-based infant formula (CIF), and human milk (HM).Methods:The GIF, CIF, and HM were investigated in an in vitro gastrointestinal model simulating infant conditions. Digested compounds were dialyzed from the intestinal compartment as bioaccessible fraction. Dialysate was collected in 15 to 60-minute periods for 4 hours. True ileal protein digestibility and DIAAS were determined as bioaccessible nitrogen (N) and amino acids.Results:N bioaccessibility from the GIF showed similar kinetics to that of HM. The CIF showed a delay in N bioaccessibility versus the GIF and HM. In the 1st hour of digestion, N bioaccessibility was 19.9% ± 3.5% and 23.3% ± 1.3% for the GIF and HM, respectively, and 11.2% ± 0.6% for CIF (P < 0.05 vs HM). In the 3rd hour of digestion, the N bioaccessibility was higher (P < 0.05) for the CIF (28.9% ± 1.2%) than for the GIF (22.5% ± 1.6%) and HM (20.6% ± 1.0%). After 4 hours, the true ileal protein digestibility of the GIF, CIF, and HM was 78.3% ± 3.7%, 73.4% ± 2.7%, and 77.9% ± 4.1%, respectively. The DIAAS for the GIF, CIF, and HM for 0- to 6-month-old infants was 83%, 75%, and 77% for aromatic AA.Conclusion:The protein quality is not different between the GIF, CIF, and HM, but the kinetics of protein digestion of the GIF is more comparable to that of HM than that of the CIF.

Are Faba Bean and Pea Proteins Potential Whey Protein Substitutes in Infant Formulas? An In Vitro Dynamic Digestion Approach

“…For that reason, several criteria resulting from in vitro approaches have been suggested to approximate protein digestibility that can be suitable to predict protein and amino acid (AA) utilization by the human body [23][24][25]. The in vitro protein digestion has been studied and calculated using different methods to compare the digestibility of human milk, cow milk, as well as cow milk-, goat milk-, or soy protein-based IFs: proteolysis measurements using SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) coupled with density methods [26][27][28], the pH drop method [27] or a more accurate method that uses a ratio of bioaccessible AA or nitrogen content in dialysate samples after digestion compared to the AA or nitrogen intake [29]. Moreover, the ability to use plant proteins in IFs has also been investigated, but most of the studies concerned the use of chickpea protein in follow-on formulas (6 to 12 months) [30,31].…”

Protein digestion properties of Xinong Saanen goat colostrum and mature milk usingin vitrodigestion model

“…Human milk is the most ideal food for infants, which could provide nutrition and natural protection for newborns. However, for various reasons, mothers cannot provide breastfeeding for newborns goat milk has been a substitute of human milk due to its nutritional and bioactive functions . Goat milk is rich in important nutrients, such as protein, fat and minerals.…”

“…However, for various reasons, mothers cannot provide breastfeeding for newborns goat milk has been a substitute of human milk due to its nutritional and bioactive functions. 1,2 Goat milk is rich in important nutrients, such as protein, fat and minerals. Vitamins, immunoglobulins, cytokines, hormones, growth factors, enzymes and bioactive peptides in goat milk are also abundant, which can help to protect and nourish infants.…”

Goat’s milk-based formulas in the nutrition of early infants: what do we know today?

“…Особенностью белкового компонента козьего молока является то, что по сравнению с коровьим оно содержит более крупные и гидратированные мицеллы казеина, что делает его более приближенным по белковому составу к грудному молоку [8,9,11]. Это способствует лучшему усвоению белка козьего молока в пищеварительном тракте ребенка [11,12]. Кроме того, основу казеиновой фракции козьего молока составляет β-казеин, содержание которого более чем в 10 раз выше по сравнению с грудным молоком [13,14].…”