Protein-derived carbon nanodots with an ethylenediamine-modulated structure as sensitive fluorescent probes for Cu²⁺detection

Abstract

The increasing use of fluorescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) demonstrates their advantages for sensing applications; these include superior photostability, absence of toxicity, and rapid analytical capability.

Biomolecule-derived quantum dots for sustainable optoelectronics

“…and proteins (bovine serum albumin (BSA), hemoglobin, blactoglobulin, etc. ), [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] (iv) nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)), bacteria (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), harmful cyanobacteria) and fungi (mushrooms), [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100] and (v) biomasses (rice husk, coffee grounds, plant leaves, wood charcoal, grass, sugarcane molasses, bird feathers and eggs, bakery products, human hair and nails, soybean oil, coconut shells, etc.) and their wastes (food/agricultural waste containing carbohydrates, cellulose, chitin, lignin, chitosan, inorganics, hemicelluloses, lignin, proteins, etc.)…”

“…80 Proteins are natural bio-macromolecules rich in various functional groups at dened locations of the main chain of peptide bonds and can easily unfold into peptide polymers, depending on reaction and environmental conditions. [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] These different functional groups in a single entity make proteins an excellent source of ligands, ranging from thiols and carboxylate to amine moieties. Thus, they are not only used as templates (or stabilizing agents) for the synthesis of various metal-based traditional QDs, but also to help to modify the surface of pre-synthesized hydrophobic QDs and make them biologically amenable for overcoming their restricted biological applications.…”

“…Thus, they are not only used as templates (or stabilizing agents) for the synthesis of various metal-based traditional QDs, but also to help to modify the surface of pre-synthesized hydrophobic QDs and make them biologically amenable for overcoming their restricted biological applications. [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] Since the 21 st century, proteins, including their denatured forms, have been used as carbon sources for the fabrication of biomolecule-derived QDs (especially, C-QDs). [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] In this regard, bovine serum albumin (BSA), b-lactoglobulin, hemoglobin and gelatin have been demonstrated as protein sources for the construction of biocompatible, highly luminescent biomolecule-derived QDs.…”

“…[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] Since the 21 st century, proteins, including their denatured forms, have been used as carbon sources for the fabrication of biomolecule-derived QDs (especially, C-QDs). [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] In this regard, bovine serum albumin (BSA), b-lactoglobulin, hemoglobin and gelatin have been demonstrated as protein sources for the construction of biocompatible, highly luminescent biomolecule-derived QDs. [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] Among them, BSA (both in its normal and denatured forms) has efficiently utilized as a facile and green synthetic precursor for the synthesis of C-QDs.…”

“…[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] In this regard, bovine serum albumin (BSA), b-lactoglobulin, hemoglobin and gelatin have been demonstrated as protein sources for the construction of biocompatible, highly luminescent biomolecule-derived QDs. [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] Among them, BSA (both in its normal and denatured forms) has efficiently utilized as a facile and green synthetic precursor for the synthesis of C-QDs. For example, (i) the hydrothermal treatment of BSA in the presence of a surface passivating agent resulted the formation of low-cytotoxic, biocompatible and highly blue luminescent C-QDs, which were useful for cellular imaging applications.…”