Protein degradation in the rumen of red clover forage at various stages of growth and conserved as silage or wrapped big bales

Aufrere, Jocelyne; Graviou, Dominique; Demarquilly, C.

doi:10.1051/rnd:2002041

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Broderick and Albrecht (1997) demonstrated a lower rumen degradation rate of protein in red clover than in white clover, but in our study the fractional rate of protein degradation was similar for white clover and red clover, which was substantially higher than for the grass species. However, the ruminal protein degradation rate in red clover can vary from 7.5 to 35.5%/h depending on growth stage and conservation method (Aufrère et al, 2002). The fractional rate of rumen NDF degradation for red clover silage was comparable to values reported by Hoffman et al (1997), similar to the degradation rate of NDF for white clover silage and higher than that of the grass silages.…”

supporting

confidence: 57%

Digestibility and clover proportion determine milk production when silages of different grass and clover species are fed to dairy cows

Johansen

Søegaard

Lund

et al. 2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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This study examined how silages of different grass and clover species affect dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, and eating behavior in dairy cows. The primary growth of perennial ryegrass (early and late harvested), festulolium, tall fescue, red clover, and white clover swards were cut, wilted, and ensiled without additives. Thirty-six Danish Holstein cows were fed ad libitum with total mixed rations containing 70% forage on DM basis in an incomplete Latin square design. The forage source was either 1 of the 6 pure silages or late perennial ryegrass silage mixed (50:50 on DM basis) with either red clover or white clover silage. Intake of DM, milk yield, and milk lactose concentration were higher, whereas milk fat and protein concentrations were lower when cows were fed clover compared with grass. No differences in DM intake and milk composition were detected between cows fed red clover and white clover, but white clover resulted in higher milk yield than red clover. Lower body weight, probably caused by lower rumen fill, in cows fed pure white clover compared with the other treatments indicated that intake was regulated physiologically instead of physically. Cows fed early perennial ryegrass, which had the highest silage organic matter digestibility (OMD), did not produce the expected amount of energy-corrected milk (ECM) compared with the other treatments based on the amount of OM digested in the gastrointestinal tract, but the reason was unclear. Across all other grass species, ECM was related to OMD. Inclusion of 50% clover in the diet increased ECM with 2.3 kg/d, and the response to OMD was comparable to the response for the grass silages. In situ fiber degradation profile parameters indicated that fiber in festulolium differed compared with fiber in the other grass species and resembled fiber in clover. Drinking and eating behavior differed markedly in cows fed pure white clover compared with the other treatments. Water intake per drinking bout was comparable among treatments, but cows fed pure white clover had higher drinking bout duration and reduced drinking rate. Additionally, meal size was smaller for cows fed pure white clover compared with the other treatments, for which meal size was similar. In conclusion, differences in ECM between different grass species can be explained by differences in OMD, and at a given OMD level inclusion of clover in the diet increased ECM.

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supporting

confidence: 57%

Digestibility and clover proportion determine milk production when silages of different grass and clover species are fed to dairy cows

Johansen

Søegaard

Lund

et al. 2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Significant differences in both asymptote and rate of degradation were found among substrates incubated, which demonstrate that the technique is sensitive to forages having different chemical composition and nutritive value. The estimated values of the parameters of the curve were comparable to those obtained using the conventional in situ degradability technique as reported by Huntington and Givens (1995) for grass hay, Ørskov et al (1988) for barley straw, Aufrère et al (2003) for perennial ryegrass and Aufrère et al (2002) for red clover.…”

Section: Degradation Of Substrates Within Nylon Bagssupporting

confidence: 85%

The development of an intraruminal nylon bag technique using non-fistulated animals to assess the rumen degradability of dietary plant materials

Pagella

Mayes

Pérez‐Barbería

et al. 2018

Animal

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Although the conventional in situ ruminal degradability method is a relevant tool to describe the nutritional value of ruminant feeds, its need for rumen-fistulated animals may impose a restriction on its use when considering animal welfare issues and cost. The aim of the present work was to develop a ruminal degradability technique which avoids using surgically prepared animals. The concept was to orally dose a series of porous bags containing the test feeds at different times before slaughter, when the bags would be removed from the rumen for degradation measurement. Bags, smaller than those used in the conventional nylon bag technique, were made from woven nylon fabric, following two shape designs (rectangular flat shape, tetrahedral shape) and were fitted with one of three types of device for preventing their regurgitation. These bags were used in two experiments with individually housed non-pregnant, non-lactating sheep, as host animals for the in situ ruminal incubation of forage substrates. The bags were closed at the top edge by machine stitching and wrapped in tissue paper before oral dosing. Standard times for ruminal incubation of substrates in all of the tests were 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h before slaughter. The purpose of the first experiment was to compare the effectiveness of the three anti-regurgitation device designs, constructed from nylon cable ties ('Z-shaped', ARD1; 'double Z-shaped', ARD2; 'umbrella-shaped', ARD3), and to observe whether viable degradation curves could be generated using grass hay as the substrate. In the second experiment, three other substrates (perennial ryegrass, red clover and barley straw) were compared using flat and tetrahedral bags fitted with type ARD1 anti-regurgitation devices. Non-linear mixed-effect regression models were used to fit asymptotic exponential curves of the percentage dry matter loss of the four substrates against time of incubation in the reticulorumen, and the effect of type of anti-regurgitation device and the shape of nylon bag. All three devices were highly successful at preventing regurgitation with 93% to 100% of dosed bags being recovered in the reticulorumen at slaughter. Ruminal degradation data obtained for tested forages were in accordance with those expected from the conventional degradability technique using fistulated animals, with no significant differences in the asymptotic values of degradation curves between bag shape or anti-regurgitation device. The results of this research demonstrate the potential for using a small bag technique with intact sheep to characterise the in situ ruminal degradability of roughages.

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“…The soluble protein fraction (a) is comprised of fine particles, intact protein, and non-protein N -NPN, which contains peptides, and it is not completely degraded in the rumen (Gierus et al, 2005) and between 7 and 13% of the non-ammonia N (NAN) escapes the rumen (Aufrère et al, 2002), suggesting a possible overprediction of RDP. Interestingly, Broderick et al (2010) meta-analyzed data of 32 studies and reported that the NRC (2001) underpredicted RDP (i.e., overpredicted RUP) by 22% than observed omasal values.…”

Section: Description Of Major Feeding Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Models of protein and amino acid requirements for cattle

et al. 2015

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-Protein supply and requirements by ruminants have been studied for more than a century. These studies led to the accumulation of lots of scientific information about digestion and metabolism of protein by ruminants as well as the characterization of the dietary protein in order to maximize animal performance. During the 1980s and 1990s, when computers became more accessible and powerful, scientists began to conceptualize and develop mathematical nutrition models, and to program them into computers to assist with ration balancing and formulation for domesticated ruminants, specifically dairy and beef cattle. The most commonly known nutrition models developed during this period were the National Research Council (NRC) in the United States, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in the United Kingdom, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) in France, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) in Australia. Others were derivative works from these models with different degrees of modifications in the supply or requirement calculations, and the modeling nature (e.g., static or dynamic, mechanistic, or deterministic). Circa 1990s, most models adopted the metabolizable protein (MP) system over the crude protein (CP) and digestible CP systems to estimate supply of MP and the factorial system to calculate MP required by the animal. The MP system included two portions of protein (i.e., the rumen-undegraded dietary CP -RUP -and the contributions of microbial CP -MCP) as the main sources of MP for the animal. Some models would explicitly account for the impact of dry matter intake (DMI) on the MP required for maintenance (MPm; e.g., Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System -CNCPS, the Dutch system -DVE/OEB), while others would simply account for scurf, urinary, metabolic fecal, and endogenous contributions independently of DMI. All models included milk yield and its components in estimating MP required for lactation (MPl) and calf birth weight and some form of an empirical, exponential equation to compute MP for pregnancy (MPp). The MP required for growth (MPg) varied tremendously among the original models and their derivative works mainly due to the differences in computing growth pattern and the composition of the gain. The calculation of MCP differs among models; some rely on the total digestible nutrient (TDN; e.g., NRC, CNCPS level 1) intake to estimate MCP, while others use fermentable organic matter (FOM; e.g., INRA, DVE/OEB), fermentable carbohydrate (e.g., CNCPS level 2, NorFor), or metabolizable energy (ME; e.g., ARC, CSIRO, Rostock). Most models acknowledged the importance of ruminal recycled N, but not all accounted for it. Our Monte Carlo simulation indicated the prediction of most models for required MPl overlapped, confirming uniformity among models when predicting requirements for lactating animals, but a large variation in required MPg for growing animals exists.

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Protein degradation in the rumen of red clover forage at various stages of growth and conserved as silage or wrapped big bales

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Digestibility and clover proportion determine milk production when silages of different grass and clover species are fed to dairy cows

Digestibility and clover proportion determine milk production when silages of different grass and clover species are fed to dairy cows

The development of an intraruminal nylon bag technique using non-fistulated animals to assess the rumen degradability of dietary plant materials

Models of protein and amino acid requirements for cattle

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