Protein Concentration of Interstitial Fluid Collected from Rat Skin by a Wick Method

The interstitium describes the fluid, proteins, solutes, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that comprise the cellular microenvironment in tissues. Its alterations are fundamental to changes in cell function in inflammation, pathogenesis, and cancer. Interstitial fluid (IF) is created by transcapillary filtration and cleared by lymphatic vessels. Herein we discuss the biophysical, biomechanical, and functional implications of IF in normal and pathological tissue states from both fluid balance and cell function perspectives. We also discuss analysis methods to access IF, which enables quantification of the cellular microenvironment; such methods have demonstrated, for example, that there can be dramatic gradients from tissue to plasma during inflammation and that tumor IF is hypoxic and acidic compared with subcutaneous IF and plasma. Accumulated recent data show that IF and its convection through the interstitium and delivery to the lymph nodes have many and diverse biological effects, including in ECM reorganization, cell migration, and capillary morphogenesis as well as in immunity and peripheral tolerance. This review integrates the biophysical, biomechanical, and biological aspects of interstitial and lymph fluid and its transport in tissue physiology, pathophysiology, and immune regulation.

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“…The wick technique was developed by Aukland and coworkers to allow simple and direct sampling of IF (21,128).…”

Section: Wick Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Formation and Transport: Physiological Regulation and Roles in Inflammation and Cancer

Wiig

Swartz²

2012

Physiological Reviews

565

574

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“…IF was collected by implantation of multifilamentous nylon wicks 12 presoaked in mock IF (50% plasma diluted in Ringer acetate) for 90 minutes or by centrifugation of skin at 100g. 13 Lymph (10-15 µL) was sampled after cannulating a collecting lymphatic of ≈200 µm running laterally on the tail.…”

Section: Isolation Of If and Lymphmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Salt Diet Causes Osmotic Gradients and Hyperosmolality in Skin Without Affecting Interstitial Fluid and Lymph

et al. 2017

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A commonly accepted core mechanism in fluid volume and blood pressure regulation is the parallel relationship between body Na + and extracellular fluid content. 1 It is assumed that Na + readily equilibrates between the intravascular and interstitial compartments that together constitute the extracellular fluid and that Na + concentrations are not remarkably different between the interstitial and intravascular volume. This idea is based on the relatively simple physicochemical concept of passive body fluid equilibrium in closed systems. 2 To maintain blood pressure homeostasis, body fluid volume and thereby body Na + content has to be maintained within narrow limits.In long-term observations in humans, however, several studies have shown that considerable amounts of Na + are retained or removed from the subjects' bodies without commensurate water retention or loss. [3][4][5][6] This finding suggests that Na + could be stored somewhere in the body without commensurate water retention and thereby be inactive from a fluid balance viewpoint. 7 Previously unidentified extrarenal, tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms that control the release and storage of Na + from a kidney-independent reservoir are a requirement in this scenario, thereby questioning the usual notion of a 2-compartment model. 2 Later studies have indicated that skin might serve as major Na + reservoir. [8][9][10] An implication of these observations might be that there is not a strict isotonicity of all body fluids and that skin electrolyte concentrations do not necessarily equilibrate with blood electrolytes.One consequence of such electrolyte accumulation in excess of water would be that it might cause local hypertonicity. Indeed, using vapor pressure osmometry, we recently demonstrated that Na + accumulation in skin as a consequence of feeding the rats a high-salt diet (HSD) results in a tissue that is hyperosmotic relative to plasma.11 Supporting this notion, interstitial fluid (IF) sampled by microdialysis was found to be ≈10 mosmol/kg, and the Na + concentration in tissue regions presumed to be lymphatics ≈20 mmol/L higher than plasma. 11Such electrolyte gradients would, even with a low capillary reflection coefficient, represent formidable transcapillary forces that would favor massive edema formation. Because the fluid accumulation in rats where salt accumulation has been induced by HSD and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) combined Abstract-The common notion is that the body Na + is maintained within narrow limits for fluid and blood pressure homeostasis. Several studies have, however, shown that considerable amounts of Na + can be retained or removed from the body without commensurate water loss and that the skin can serve as a major salt reservoir. Our own data from rats have suggested that the skin is hypertonic compared with plasma on salt storage and that this also applies to skin interstitial fluid. Even small electrolyte gradients between plasma and interstitial fluid would represent strong edema-generating forces. Because the...

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“…For the collection of tissue fluid use was made of the wick technique described by Aukland and Fadnes [12]. Double-stranded multifilamentous nylon wicks 0.5 mm thick (Enkalon 3x3, Enka BV, Arnhem, The Netherlands) were soaked in 0.9% saline and implanted, with a straight needle without cutting edges, subcutane ously over a distance of 5-7 cm on one side of the chest under chlorethylene surface anesthesia.…”

Section: Laboratory Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lowered Protein Content of Tissue Fluid in Patients with the Nephrotic Syndrome: Observations during Disease and Recovery

Koomans¹,

Kortlandt²,

Geers³

et al. 1985

Nephron

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To find out why most patients with the nephrotic syndrome maintain a normal blood volume despite a reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP), we measured the transcapillary (plasma-tissue fluid) COP difference in 12 patients with the nephrotic syndrome, as well as in 6 patients during complete (n = 3) and partial (n = 3) recovery. Subcutaneous nylon wicks were used to collect tissue fluid. The albumin content was also measured. The albumin content and COP were lowered in both plasma and tissue fluid in the nephrotic phase, and rose gradually during recovery. During these changes the transcapillary COP difference only rose slightly: from 6.2 ± 1.7 mm Hg when the plasma COP was below 10 mm Hg (n = 11) to 8.7 ± 1.5 mm Hg when the plasma COP exceeded 20 mm Hg (n = 12). These observations indicate that in hypoproteinemia preservation of the intravascular volume is strongly dependent on maintenance of the difference in oncotic pressure across the capillary wall.

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Protein Concentration of Interstitial Fluid Collected from Rat Skin by a Wick Method

Cited by 98 publications

References 13 publications

Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Formation and Transport: Physiological Regulation and Roles in Inflammation and Cancer

Interstitial Fluid and Lymph Formation and Transport: Physiological Regulation and Roles in Inflammation and Cancer

High-Salt Diet Causes Osmotic Gradients and Hyperosmolality in Skin Without Affecting Interstitial Fluid and Lymph

Lowered Protein Content of Tissue Fluid in Patients with the Nephrotic Syndrome: Observations during Disease and Recovery

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