Protective security at sea: a counter terrorism framework for cruise and passenger ships

Kuhn, Kristen; McIlhatton, David; Malcolm, James A.; Chapsos, Ioannis

doi:10.1007/s13437-022-00296-w

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 28 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…In February 2004, the Philippines-based Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) committed its most lethal attack, a striking example of maritime terrorism, the attack on SuperFerry 14 in Manila Harbour, which killed 116 and wounded many others. The attack was far more lethal than other frequently cited maritime terrorist attacks, such as the following: the USS Cole in 2000, which killed 17 US sailors and severely damaged the ship; the 2002 attack on the M/V Limburg, a tanker chartered to Malaysian state-petroleum agency, Petronas, which "blew a gaping hole in the side of the tanker" [58] off the coast of Yemen, killing one crew member and causing a massive and disruptive oil spill; and the hijacking of cruise ship Achille Lauro in 1985, resulting in one fatality [59].…”

Section: Threat Analysis Of Shipping In the Somsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing Catastrophic Cyber–Physical Attacks on the Global Maritime Transportation System: A Case Study of Hybrid Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

Fenton

2024

JMSE

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This paper examines hybrid threats to maritime transportation systems and their governance responses; focusing on the congested Straits of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS) as an illustrative case study. The methodology combines secondary sources with primary data from 42 expert interviews, a 28 respondent survey, and two maritime security roundtables. Key findings were that ships’ critical systems are increasingly interconnected, yet aging IT infrastructure and minimal cybersecurity awareness among crews heighten risks. Meanwhile, regional terrorist groups have previously targeted shipping and shown considerable skill in exploiting online tools, aligning with broader calls for jihadist violence. Furthermore, opportunistic piracy persists in the SOMS with the potential to disrupt shipping. Experts confirmed that maritime cybersecurity lags behind other critical infrastructure sectors and needs updated governance. Initial International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines lack specificity but revisions and updated IMO guidance are in process, while Port state implementation of maritime cybersecurity standards varies. Crucially, information sharing remains inadequate, even as recorded attacks increase. Findings underscore that although major hybrid incidents have not occurred, simulations and threat actors’ capabilities demonstrate potential for catastrophic collisions or cascading disruption in congested waterways. Mitigating factors like redundancy and crew training are deficient currently. Some alignment between SOMS states on maritime security cooperation exists, but not on cyber threats specifically. Key recommendations include an anonymous cyber attack reporting system, reinforced training and shipboard systems, and consolidated regional frameworks. Until these priorities are addressed, the analysis concludes that hybrid vulnerabilities in this vital global chokepoint remain a serious concern.

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Section: Threat Analysis Of Shipping In the Somsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing Catastrophic Cyber–Physical Attacks on the Global Maritime Transportation System: A Case Study of Hybrid Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

Fenton

2024

JMSE

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A model of service-oriented architecture of e-certification system to support boat registration and site visit inspection to support maritime safety and crew health inspection

Saputra,

Gaol,

Abdurachman

et al. 2023

Mar Syst Ocean Technol

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This article describes the architecture of software services that provide registration of small boat data to build maritime safety. The proposed system architecture which so-called SIMKAPEL aims to support small boat registration for maritime safety. It is developed from a conventional service-oriented architecture (SOA) with an open standard for data interoperability between elements. The goal of this research is to implement and evaluate the proposed architecture to support small boat registration and e-certification. Several parts of the architecture have been implemented as a platform that provides core services and data sources to be used by Ministry of Transportation, Directorate General of Sea Transportation, and other government agencies. Finally, the proposed SIMKAPEL platform with the SOA architecture is evaluated for its benefits to users through the expert opinion survey to measure its efficiency. The analysis results showed that SOA-based SIMKAPEL is feasible to use as a boat e-certification system. Furthermore, experiment results provide three parameters (e.g., maritime safety, namely, cargo/passengers, boat safety facilities, and maritime safety systems) with efficiency values of 42%, 46%, and 42%, respectively. The parameter with the highest efficiency shows a big effect on the level of safety of the boat and passengers. Thus, the parameters that need to be prioritized and need boat owners’ attention are cargo/passenger, boat safety equipment, and maritime safety system.

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Protective security at sea: a counter terrorism framework for cruise and passenger ships

Abstract: This document is the author's post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it.

Cited by 2 publications

References 28 publications

Preventing Catastrophic Cyber–Physical Attacks on the Global Maritime Transportation System: A Case Study of Hybrid Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

Preventing Catastrophic Cyber–Physical Attacks on the Global Maritime Transportation System: A Case Study of Hybrid Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

A model of service-oriented architecture of e-certification system to support boat registration and site visit inspection to support maritime safety and crew health inspection

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