Protective role of wogonin following traumatic brain injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis via the PI3K/Nrf2/HO‑1 pathway

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is usually caused by accidental injuries and traffic accidents, with a very high mortality rate. Treatment and management following TBI are essential to reduce patient injury and help improve long-term prognosis. Wogonin is a flavonoid compound with an antioxidant effect extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. However, the function and mechanism of wogonin in protecting brain injury remain to be elucidated. The present study established a TBI model of Sprague-dawley rats and treated them with wogonin following trauma. The results showed that wogonin treatment significantly reduced neurobehavioral disorders, brain edema and hippocampal neuron damage caused by TBI. It was found that in TBI rats, administration of wogonin increased the levels of antioxidant factors glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and significantly inhibited the production of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. western blotting data showed that wogonin exerted antioxidant activity by downregulating the level of NOX 2 protein. In inhibiting cell apoptosis, wogonin upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 protein in the hippocampal cA1 region of TBI rats and inhibited caspase-3 and Bax proteins. Additionally, wogonin inhibited the progression of injury following TBI through the PI3K/Akt/nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. Wogonin increased the expression of phosphorylated Akt, Nrf2 and HO-1 in the hippocampus of TBI rats. Following the administration of PI3K inhibitor LY294002, the upregulation of these proteins by wogonin was partly reversed. In addition, LY294002 partially reversed the regulation of wogonin on NOX 2 , caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. Therefore, wogonin exerts antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties to prevent hippocampal damage following TBI, which is accomplished through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Protective effect of wogonin on inflammatory responses in BisGMA‐treated macrophages through the inhibition of MAPK and NFκB pathways

“…16,19,32,33 Wogonin is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid and exhibits various remedial effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer effects. [7][8][9][10] Studies have yet to comprehensively investigate the proinflammatory responses and the related mechanism in BisGMA-treated macrophages incubated with wogonin. 16 In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of wogonin on BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophages.…”

“…Wogonin is a natural dihydroxyl flavonoid extracted from plants of the Scutellaria and Andrographis species of the Lamiaceae family 6 . Wogonin has been demonstrated to exhibit anti‐inflammatory, antiallergic, anticancer, and antioxidative properties 7–10 …”

“…6 Wogonin has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, anticancer, and antioxidative properties. [7][8][9][10] Composites and sealants that are commonly used in orthopedics and dentistry are based on 2,2-bis[p-(2 0 -hydroxy-3 0 -methacryloxypropoxy)phenylene]propane (BisGMA) or its derivatives. After light-curing, the BisGMA monomer leaks and is eluted because of insufficient polymerization.…”

Ji-Chuan decoction ameliorates slow transit constipation via regulation of intestinal glial cell apoptosis

“…Previous studies have shown that the key components of JCD are associated with neural apoptosis, and many of them also involve changes in AKT protein. For example, wogonin, a key component of JCD identified in this paper, can prevent hippocampal injury after brain trauma through antioxidation and anti-apoptosis, which has been shown to occur through the PI3K/Akt/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/HO-1 pathway[ 38 ]. Baicalein reduces sevoflurane-induced neurodegeneration, improves learning and memory retention in rats, and modulates the PI3/Akt/GSK-3β and JNK/ERK signaling pathways[ 39 ].…”

Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytochemicals

“…Wogonin is an important flavonoid, isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi ( Chirumbolo, 2013 ) . It has many pharmacological effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ( Zheng et al, 2020 ; Feng et al, 2022 ; Shao et al, 2022 ). Fang et al found that wogonin can inhibit IL-1β-induced inflammatory response and extracellular matrix degradation in NP cells ( Fang et al, 2018 ).…”