Protective potential of hydroxysafflor yellow A in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury: An overview of evidence from experimental studies

Abstract

Ischemic stroke, mostly caused by thromboembolic or thrombotic arterial occlusions, is a primary leading cause of death worldwide with high morbidity and disability. Unfortunately, no specific medicine is available for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury due to its limitation of therapeutic window. Hydroxysafflor yellow A, a natural product extracted from Carthamus tinctorius, has been extensively investigated on its pharmacological properties in cerebrovascular diseases. However, review focusing on the beneficial role of HSYA against cerebral I/R injury is still lacking. In this paper, we reviewed the neuroprotective effect of HSYA in preclinical studies and the underlying mechanisms involved, as well as clinical data that support the pharmacological activities. Additionally, the sources, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, safety and limitations of HSYA were also reviewed. As a result, HSYA possesses a wide range of beneficial effects against cerebral I/R injury, and its action mechanisms include anti-excitotoxicity, anti-oxidant stress, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, attenuating BBB leakage and regulating autophagy. Collectively, HSYA might be applied as one of the promising alternatives in ischemic stroke treatment.

Chemical composition, pharmacology and pharmacokinetic studies of GuHong injection in the treatment of ischemic stroke

“…Many studies have shown that post-stroke neuroinflammation is an important factor affecting long-term ischemic prognosis. Thus, neuroinflammation has been regarded as a vital pathological process following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury ( Yu et al, 2022 ).…”

Quercetin improves the protection of hydroxysafflor yellow a against cerebral ischemic injury by modulating of blood-brain barrier and src-p-gp-mmp-9 signalling

“…Study investigating the regulatory effects of the main active components in Honghua Injection on the cerebrovascular disease network concluded that HSYA and Quer were enriched in a cluster, implying the two ingredients may have synergistic protective effects against IS [ 17 ]. HSYA was reported to have protective potential against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury through multiple mechanisms [ 18 ]. Quer also showed BBB protective effects in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat models [ 19 ].…”

Naodesheng Pills Ameliorate Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Ferroptosis via Inhibition of the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway

“… 19 Animal experiments have shown that naodesheng (NDS) improves learning and memory function by inhibiting NF-κB and activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway in amyloid β-treated rats. 20 The main components of NDSP, such as tetramethyl pyrazine, 21 hydroxysafflor yellow A, 22 and puerarin, 23 could promote the recovery of neurological function after stroke. However, the therapeutic effects of NDS on ischemic brain injury have been inconsistent.…”