Protective molecular passivation of black phosphorus

Artel, Vlada; Guo, Qiushi; Cohen, Hagai; Gasper, Raymond; Ramasubramaniam, Ashwin; Xia, Fengnian; Naveh, Doron

doi:10.1038/s41699-017-0004-8

Cited by 56 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Although the chemical stability of black phosphorus is a concern as it reacts with water and oxygen and quickly degrades when exposed to air 27,28 , BP can be passivated or concealed 29,30 , after which the BP devices can be preserved over a very long time without discernible degradation in device performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Midinfrared Electro-optic Modulation in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus

et al. 2017

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Midinfrared Electro-optic Modulation in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus

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Mid-infrared electro-optic modulation in few-layer black phosphorus (Conference Presentation)

Peng

Khaliji

Youngblood

et al. 2018

2D Photonic Materials and Devices

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Black phosphorus stands out from the family of two-dimensional materials as a semiconductor with a direct, layer-dependent bandgap in energy corresponding to the spectral range from the visible to the mid-infrared (mid-IR), as well as many other attractive optoelectronic attributes. It is, therefore, a very promising material for various optoelectronic applications, particularly in the important mid-IR range. While mid-IR technology has been advancing rapidly, both photodetection and electro-optic modulation in the mid-IR rely on narrow-band compound semiconductors, which are difficult and expensive to integrate with the ubiquitous silicon photonics. For mid-IR photodetection, black phosphorus has been proven to be a viable alternative. Here, we demonstrate electrooptic modulation of mid-IR absorption in few-layer black phosphorus under field applied by an electrostatic gate. Our experimental and theoretical results find that, within the doping range obtainable in our samples, the quantum confined Franz-Keldysh effect is the dominant mechanism of electro-optic modulation. Spectroscopic study on samples with varying thickness reveals strong layer-dependence in the inter-band transition between different subbands. Our results show black phosphorus is a very promising material to realizing efficient mid-IR modulators.Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene, various transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride and black phosphorus (BP), have shown great potential

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“…However, because of the lone‐pair electrons, BP is not stable in oxygen environment, especially under condition of water–oxygen coexistence . Recently, various strategies such as self‐assembled monolayers, titanium ligand surface coordination, covalent bonding, and transition metal doping have been developed to protect BP from the oxygen–water ambient condition. On the other hand, phosphorus is present in cells, tissues, and bones and so specific detection of BP by conventional imaging techniques is difficult.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, the BPQDs, a Lewis base (nucleophile) is passivated by the LnL 3 coordination. The P 2p 3/2 and P 2p 1/2 doublet peaks at 129.8 and 130.7 eV are in agreement with the reported value of crystalline BP thus confirming that coordination occurs on the surface of BP and does not influence the BP structure substantially. The C 1s XPS spectrum and P 2s XPS spectrum in Figure S2 in the Supporting Information also corroborate surface coordination of GdL 3 on BP.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The P 2p XPS spectra of the bare BPQDs and GdL 3 @BPQDs during exposure are acquired and examined. With regard to the bare BPQDs (Figure 2c), the peak at 134.0 eV associated with P x O y [18][19][20] increases significantly, indicating serious oxidization of BP during exposure to humid air. In contrast, the P 2p XPS spectrum of GdL 3 @BPQDs ( Figure 2d) is nearly unchanged under ambient conditions for 8 d providing evidence that surface coordination of GdL 3 protects BP from degradation.…”

Section: Black Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lanthanide‐Coordinated Black Phosphorus

Wang

et al. 2018

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Black phosphorus (BP) possesses unique physical properties and, owing to its intrinsic instability, the proper surface and chemical coordination is the key point in many applications. Herein, a facile and efficient surface lanthanide-coordination strategy based on lanthanide (Ln) sulfonate complexes is designed to passivate and functionalize different BP-based nanostructures including quantum dots, nanosheets, and microflakes. By means of Ln-P coordination, the lone-pair electrons of phosphorus are occupied, thus preventing oxidation of BP, and the LnL @BP exhibits excellent stability in both air and water. Furthermore, accompanied by the original photothermal performance of BP nanostructures, the Gd-coordinated BP has high R relativities in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and other Ln (Tb, Eu, and Nd) coordinated BP structures exhibit fluorescence spanning the visible to near-infrared regions. Not only is LnL surface passivation an efficient method to enhance the stability of BP, but also the MR or fluorescence derived from lanthanide ions extends the application of BP to optoelectronics and biomedical engineering.

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Protective molecular passivation of black phosphorus

Cited by 56 publications

References 31 publications

Midinfrared Electro-optic Modulation in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus

Midinfrared Electro-optic Modulation in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus

Mid-infrared electro-optic modulation in few-layer black phosphorus (Conference Presentation)

Lanthanide‐Coordinated Black Phosphorus

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