Protective Mechanisms ofS. lycopersicumAqueous Fraction (Nucleosides and Flavonoids) on Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation:In Vitro,Ex VivoandIn VivoStudies

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to investigate mechanisms of antiplatelet action of bioactive principle from S. lycopersicum. Aqueous fraction had a high content of nucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, and adenosine 5′-monophosphate) by HPLC analysis. Also aqueous fraction presented flavonoids content. Aqueous fraction inhibited platelet activation by 15 ± 6% (P < 0.05). Fully spread of human platelets on collagen in the presence of aqueous fraction was inhibited from 15 ± 1 to 9 ± 1 μm2 (P < 0.001). After incubation of whole blood with aqueous fraction, the platelet coverage was inhibited by 55 ± 12% (P < 0.001). Platelet ATP secretion and aggregation were significantly inhibited by the aqueous fraction. At the same concentrations that aqueous fraction inhibits platelet aggregation, levels of sCD40L significantly decreased and the intraplatelet cAMP levels increased. In addition, SQ22536, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, attenuated the effect of aqueous fraction toward ADP-induced platelet aggregation and intraplatelet level of cAMP. Platelet aggregation ex vivo (human study) and thrombosis formation in vivo (murine model) were inhibited by aqueous fraction. Finally, aqueous fraction may be used as a functional ingredient adding antiplatelet activities (nucleosides and flavonoids) to processed foods.

Chemical Characterization and Antiplatelet Potential of Bioactive Extract from Tomato Pomace (Byproduct of Tomato Paste)

“…It is also a good source of flavonoids, carotenoids, and nucleosides, which have been shown to reduce platelet aggregation [ 14 ]. Indeed, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays using aqueous extracts of fresh tomatoes and TP on platelet function have demonstrated a decrease in platelet aggregation [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Moreover, the inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation is higher in TP extracts when compared with fresh tomato extracts [ 15 , 17 ].…”

Platelet Anti-Aggregant Activity and Bioactive Compounds of Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts from Whole and Seedless Tomato Pomace

“…On the other hand, three-cycle sonication allowed the best significant activity of the extracts obtained from aqueous whole tomato pomace (AWTPE3, 32 ± 9%, p < 0.01) and ethanolic whole tomato pomace (EWTPEC3, 32 ± 9%, p < 0.05). Although, in a previous study, the ultrasound extraction time used by the authors was 5 min [10], in this study ultrasound cycle was increased to 20 min to achieve a better extraction of compounds responsible for platelet anti-aggregant activity. Furthermore, 5 min of ultrasound extraction achieved an aggregation of 55% in aqueous tomato pomace extract [10], while the 20-min cycle improved the activity of the aqueous tomato pomace extract by lowering maximum aggregation to 46 ± 12% (AWTPE1).…”

“…In this context, the adherence to a diet rich in fruit and vegetables was associated with a decrease of all-cause mortality among individuals with CVD [3][4][5]. Furthermore, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) has been one of the most powerful vegetables associated with the reduction of this type of disease [6][7][8][9][10]. Emerging epidemiological and interventional data support the connection between Foods 2020, 9, 1564 2 of 14 higher tomato consumption and a lower risk of CVD.…”

Antiplatelet protocol: Effects of ingesting a tomato pomace extract on human platelet aggregation

“…Evidence from human intervention trials and mechanistic studies suggests that tomato and tomato based products are associated with a reduction in CVD risk [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. The mechanism by which this protective effect occurs is not clearly understood, but research has focused on its potential to modulate platelet function [[5], [6], [7]].…”

“…Before implementing this large scale human intervention trial we will also conduct a preliminary ‘ascending dose human tolerance study’ in a small group of participants across a ˜3 week period. Ascending dose of tomato pomace extract will be 1, 2.5 and 10 g based on preliminary work of platelet aggregation inhibition in animal model and food matrix formulation assays [2,8,9].…”