Protective Helmets in Sports

Piland, Scott G.; Gould, Trenton E.; Jesunathadas, Mark; Wiggins, Jeffrey S.; McNair, Olivia; Caswell, Shane V.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102582-6.00003-4

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…It is usually derived from corn starch, making it a biodegradable, moisture-sensitive polymer. Its biodegradability by hydrolysis makes it a “green polymer”, and so its use has increased in the last years [ 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Parameters Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Design and Parameters Interaction in Material Extrusion 3D Printing: A Review

Bouzaglou,

Golan,

Lachman

2023

Polymers

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Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly known as “3D printing”, is rapidly integrated into many various fields, from everyday commercial to high-end medical and aerospace. Its production flexibility in small-scale and complex shapes is a significant advantage over conventional methods. However, inferior physical properties of parts manufactured by AM in general, and by material extrusion in particular, compared to traditional fabrication methods, inhibit its full assimilation. Specifically, the mechanical properties of printed parts are not high enough and, more importantly, not consistent enough. Optimization of the many various printing parameters is therefore required. This work reviews the influence of material selection, printing parameters such as path (e.g., layer thickness and raster angle), build (e.g., infill and building orientation) and temperature parameters (e.g., nozzle or platform temperature) on mechanical properties. Moreover, this work focuses on the interactions between the printing parameters, their mechanisms, and the statistical methods required to identify such interactions. Choosing the right parameters can increase mechanical properties by up to 60% (raster angle and orientation build), or render other parameters insignificant (material selection), while specific settings of certain parameters can completely inverse the influence trend of other parameters. Finally, trends for future research are suggested.

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Section: Parameters Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Design and Parameters Interaction in Material Extrusion 3D Printing: A Review

Bouzaglou,

Golan,

Lachman

2023

Polymers

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“…mobile phone cases, knee and elbow pads, snowboards etc.) [43][44][45], despite PE being one of the weakest thermoplastic available [46,47] .…”

Section: Effect Of Composition On the Mechanical Properties Of Cu-pe ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive manufacturing of composite materials and functionally graded structures using selective heat melting technique

Markandan

Lim

Kanaujia

et al. 2020

Journal of Materials Science & Technology

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“…Consequently, compression when impacting a more compliant body is insufficient to efficiently absorb induced energy, leaving players susceptible to concussions [32,33,39]. Designs to protect against a wider range of head impacts, especially player-to-player collisions, such as multilayer foam or shear-thickening polymers, have been introduced with limited success [40][41][42][43].…”

Section: Motivation For the Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These can range from rigid surfaces to compliant bodies or projectiles, and the helmet should ideally protect effectively during all of them. Consequently, the range of different helmet designs is as wide as the range of different fields of applications [21,23,40]. However, any sports helmet can typically be classified as one of two designs.…”

Section: Helmet Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stiff outer shell of the helmet serves multiple purposes. Upon impact, the shell prevents penetration of the helmet to protect the head from sharp objects [258], and is intended to spread the impact over a larger area to avoid concentrated loads and engage more liner material [21,23,40,255,258,259]. The helmet shell also absorbs energy and serves as the first layer of protection.…”

Section: Shell Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards concussion prevention in ice hockey: mechanical metamaterial liners and helmet assessment

Haid

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Ice hockey has one of the highest concussion rates in sport. During player-to-player collisions, the most common concussive scenario, helmets have been shown to offer limited protection. Helmet testing that is representative of the broad range of potential head impacts requires extensive specialist equipment, while certification standards are currently not assessing the impact scenario that most commonly causes concussions in ice hockey. Consequently, helmets protect well in the scenario they are certified and designed for – falls onto stiff surfaces – but provide limited protection during other commonly occurring impacts, especially impacts with more compliant bodies. Due to the wide range of injurious head impacts in ice hockey, it is challenging to develop a helmet that protects well in all scenarios. The aim of this programme of research was to develop a simplified test method, capable of replicating common ice hockey head impacts. Then, to investigate the capabilities of a mechanical metamaterial to enhance protection during collisions without compromising protection during more severe head impacts. A novel test method, utilising laboratory equipment that is available to most researchers with an interest in impact protection, to replicate head impacts in ice hockey was developed and validated. It has been shown that a free-fall drop test method, with interchangeable impact surface orientation and compliance, can be used to create impact events that are representative of a range of common ice hockey head impacts. This newly developed test method can produce kinematic responses within less than 10% of key metrics obtained by current best practice methods to replicate ice hockey collisions and may facilitate widespread and more thorough testing in academic research and modifications to current test standard procedures. A series of investigations were conducted to assess the potential of a mechanical metamaterial, comprising bi-beam structures, with an adaptive response to specific impact scenarios. Testing and modelling of individual bi-beams, unit cells, and cellular structures of bi-beams suggest a cellular structure, comprising bi-beams, can be developed by arranging unit cells relative to each other between two stiff sandwich plates. It has been shown that controlling the direction of buckling and the associated contact situations, can cause an abrupt switch in stiffness (~155 – 180%) in axial direction. Applied as a liner in an ice hockey helmet, this could achieve enhanced protection against an additional cause of injury – collisions – without compromising the performance in the scenario the helmets are currently designed for – falls. Dimensional scalability facilitates a wide range of possible designs and fields of application. This programme of research contributes to the body of knowledge of head impact testing and helmet technologies to better protect players. Findings could help in developing better helmets that protect players against a wider range of head impacts which in turn would reduce concussions and make participation safer.

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Protective Helmets in Sports

Cited by 6 publications

References 78 publications

Process Design and Parameters Interaction in Material Extrusion 3D Printing: A Review

Process Design and Parameters Interaction in Material Extrusion 3D Printing: A Review

Additive manufacturing of composite materials and functionally graded structures using selective heat melting technique

Towards concussion prevention in ice hockey: mechanical metamaterial liners and helmet assessment

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