Protective functions and ecosystem services of global forests in the past quarter-century

Miura, Satoru; Amacher, Michael C.; Hofer, Thomas Franz; San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús; Ernawati, Ernawati; Thackway, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.039

Cited by 155 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In some regions, shallow landslides are the dominant regulating mechanisms by which soil is delivered from the hillslope to steep channels or fluvial systems (Jakob et al, 2005). The magnitude and intensity of these phenomena also has important societal impacts both in the long (landscape evolution and soil resource availability Istanbulluoglu and Bras, 2005;Montgomery, 2007) and short term (risks due to landslides, debris flows and sediment transport, water quality, soil productivity; Wehrli et al, 2007;Hamilton, 2008).…”

Section: Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While soil as a resource is gaining increasing attention in the context of global sustainable development (Nature Editorial, 2015), risks related to shallow landslides and to processes linked to them (debris flows, bedload transport, large wood transport during floods) as well as the availability of quality water are issues that impact human societies in the short term (Miura et al, 2015), particularly in mountainous regions. Water quality is linked to shallow landslides because sediments mobilized by landslides are transported as suspended sediments in streams.…”

Section: Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tree-root control of shallow landslides

Cohen

Schwarz

2017

Earth Surf. Dynam.

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Abstract. Tree roots have long been recognized to increase slope stability by reinforcing the strength of soils. Slope stability models usually include the effects of roots by adding an apparent cohesion to the soil to simulate root strength. No model includes the combined effects of root distribution heterogeneity, stress-strain behavior of root reinforcement, or root strength in compression. Recent field observations, however, indicate that shallow landslide triggering mechanisms are characterized by differential deformation that indicates localized activation of zones in tension, compression, and shear in the soil. Here we describe a new model for slope stability that specifically considers these effects. The model is a strain-step discrete element model that reproduces the selforganized redistribution of forces on a slope during rainfall-triggered shallow landslides. We use a conceptual sigmoidal-shaped hillslope with a clearing in its center to explore the effects of tree size, spacing, weak zones, maximum root-size diameter, and different root strength configurations. Simulation results indicate that tree roots can stabilize slopes that would otherwise fail without them and, in general, higher root density with higher root reinforcement results in a more stable slope. The variation in root stiffness with diameter can, in some cases, invert this relationship. Root tension provides more resistance to failure than root compression but roots with both tension and compression offer the best resistance to failure. Lateral (slope-parallel) tension can be important in cases when the magnitude of this force is comparable to the slope-perpendicular tensile force. In this case, lateral forces can bring to failure tree-covered areas with high root reinforcement. Slope failure occurs when downslope soil compression reaches the soil maximum strength. When this occurs depends on the amount of root tension upslope in both the slope-perpendicular and slope-parallel directions. Roots in tension can prevent failure by reducing soil compressive forces downslope. When root reinforcement is limited, a crack parallel to the slope forms near the top of the hillslope. Simulations with roots that fail across this crack always resulted in a landslide. Slopes that did not form a crack could either fail or remain stable, depending on root reinforcement. Tree spacing is important for the location of weak zones but tree location on the slope (with respect to where a crack opens) is as important. Finally, for the specific cases tested here, intermediate-sized roots (5 to 20 mm in diameter) appear to contribute most to root reinforcement. Our results show more complex behaviors than can be obtained with the traditional slope-uniform, apparent-cohesion approach. A full understanding of the mechanisms of shallow landslide triggering requires a complete re-evaluation of this traditional approach that cannot predict where and how forces are mobilized and distributed in roots and soils, and how these control shallow landslides shape, size, loc...

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Section: Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree-root control of shallow landslides

Cohen

Schwarz

2017

Earth Surf. Dynam.

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“…metadata). On a global scale, land use-related issues have been shown to have significant effects on protective functions and ecosystem services of global forests (Miura et al, 2015). At this scale, land use and how the land is managed have obvious effects on the condition of native vegetation and consequences for biodiversity (Thackway, 2016).…”

Section: Informing Land Use Debates Using High-quality Fundamental Damentioning

confidence: 99%

National Coordination of Data and Information to Inform Land Use Policies and Programs: The Recent Past, the Present and Ideas for the Future

Thackway¹

2018

Land Use in Australia: Past, Present and Future

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“…Čeprav z njimi povečujejo vedenje o degradaciji gozdnega okolja (Sloan in Sayer, 2015), trajnostnem gospodarjenju z gozdovi (MacDicken et al, 2015), spremembah in bilancah biomase in ogljika (Köhl et al, 2015), ekosistemskih storitvah (Miura et al, 2015) ter si pomagajo pri iskanju rešitev zanje, je pomemben tudi njihov prispevek na nacionalni ravni. Na podlagi teh in dopolnilnih kazalcev države namreč usmerjajo razvoj gozdov in gozdarstva, certificirajo gozdove (na primer PEFC, 2015), oblikujejo skladne nacionalne politike in programe, jih spremljajo ter o tem poročajo svoji in mednarodni javnosti.…”

Section: Razpravaunclassified

National forest reporting in selected European countries and in Slovenia

Kovač¹

2016

geod. vestn.

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Protective functions and ecosystem services of global forests in the past quarter-century

Cited by 155 publications

References 22 publications

Tree-root control of shallow landslides

Tree-root control of shallow landslides

National Coordination of Data and Information to Inform Land Use Policies and Programs: The Recent Past, the Present and Ideas for the Future

National forest reporting in selected European countries and in Slovenia

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