Protective efficacy of permethrin-treated trousers against tick infestation in forestry workers

Roßbach, Bernd; Kegel, Peter; Zier, Ulrike; Niemietz, Adrian; Letzel, Stephan

doi:10.5604/12321966.1129920

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In our laboratory analyses, a median of 97% mean mortality was seen among all clothing samples tested. This laboratory result is consistent with previous laboratory and field studies which found LLPI clothing to be highly effective at preventing tick bites [11, 22–25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Bioabsorption and effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-treated uniforms over three months among North Carolina outdoor workers

et al. 2019

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BackgroundVector-borne diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. Effective, convenient prevention methods are needed. Long-lasting permethrin-impregnated (LLPI) clothing can prevent tick bites, however, additional information is needed on the real-world effectiveness and safety of this preventative measure.MethodsIn this pilot study, we recruited state and county park employees from North Carolina to wear LLPI uniforms for three months during the summer of 2016. We collected spot urine samples for biomonitoring of permethrin metabolites at one week, one month and three months after first use of the LLPI uniform. Following three months of wear, we collected pants and socks and analyzed them for permethrin content and mortality to ticks and mosquitoes.ResultsThirteen park employees were included in the analysis. Bioactive amounts of permethrin remained in all clothing swatches tested, although there was great variability. Tick mortality was high, with 78% of pant and 88% of sock swatches having mean knockdown percentages ≥ 85%. In contrast, mosquito mortality was low. Over the study period, the absorbed dosage of permethrin averaged < 4 μg/kg/d of body weight based on measurements of three metabolites.ConclusionsLLPI clothing retained permethrin and bioactivity against ticks after three months of use in real-world conditions. The estimated absorbed dosage of permethrin was well below the U.S. EPA level of concern, suggesting that LLPI clothing can be used safely by outdoor workers for tick bite prevention.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3314-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Bioabsorption and effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-treated uniforms over three months among North Carolina outdoor workers

et al. 2019

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“…Superior protective efficacy compared with non-treated pants has been proven in our study of at least one subtype of the treated pants (or more precisely: in one subcohort). 42 Moreover, respective protective efficacy was also shown by other authors. 6,7 A respective risk-benefit analysis may be an individual issue, including also aspects such as individual susceptibility toward ticks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Biomonitoring and evaluation of permethrin uptake in forestry workers using permethrin-treated tick-proof pants

Roßbach

Kegel

Süß

et al. 2015

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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We conducted a randomized case-control trial to analyze uptake of the insecticide/arcaricide permethrin in wearers of permethrin-impregnated and non-impregnated pants in German forestry. Eighty-two male workers were each equipped for a 16-week period with permethrin-treated (test group) or with non-treated work pants (control group). Pants with or without lining to protect against cuts, obtained from two different distributors, were worn in each group. Urinary permethrin metabolite levels were measured by GC-MS/MS before, during and after wearing of the pants. Permethrin uptake was calculated using additional questionnaire data. In the control group, metabolite levels in the range of environmental background exposure (median: ~0.5 μg/l) were measured. Subjects wearing impregnated pants showed consistently significantly higher exposure levels even before the first use of the pants with a maximum after 1 week of wearing the pants (median: ~12.5 μg/l). Significant differences in internal exposure were found depending on which of the distributors the pants came from. Metabolite levels decreased probably due to permethrin losses associated with laundering the pants. Calculated permethrin uptake is below the value corresponding to the WHO-proposed acceptable daily intake. Based on our data, a marginally increased cancer risk compared with the general population cannot be excluded when wearing impregnated pants over a working-lifetime period.

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“…Permethrin-treated clothing has been thoroughly studied in a number of populations and has been shown to reduce the rate of tick attachment and tick bites in studies of volunteers, 43 military personnel, 44 and forestry workers. 45,46 However, head-to-head studies comparing permethrin to DEET or other repellents suffer from heterogeneous methodologies. 47,48 Overall, permethrin and DEET appear to be comparatively efficacious; the consumer must choose based on cost, relative risk of toxicity, and the timing of their potential exposure.…”

Section: Recommendations For the Prevention And Management Of Tbis In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Tick-Borne Illness in the United States

Ho¹,

Davis

Forrester

et al. 2021

Wilderness & Environmental Medicine

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The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and management of tick-borne illness. Recommendations are graded based on quality of supporting evidence according to criteria put forth by the American College of Chest Physicians. The guidelines include a brief review of the clinical presentation, epidemiology, prevention, and management of tick-borne illness in the United States, with a primary focus on interventions that are appropriate for resource-limited settings.

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Protective efficacy of permethrin-treated trousers against tick infestation in forestry workers

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

Bioabsorption and effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-treated uniforms over three months among North Carolina outdoor workers

Bioabsorption and effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-treated uniforms over three months among North Carolina outdoor workers

Biomonitoring and evaluation of permethrin uptake in forestry workers using permethrin-treated tick-proof pants

Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Tick-Borne Illness in the United States

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