“…The mitochondrial electron transport chain, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase (XO), as well as irradiation and environmental pollutants seems to induce oxidative stress and subsequently lead to lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis (Sena, Leandro, Azul, Seica, & Perry, 2018). Several reports suggest that elevated levels of oxidative stress markers could have a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders induced by BPA (Aboul Ezz et al, 2015; Han & Hong, 2016; Quagliariello et al, 2019; Vanani, Mahdavinia, Shirani, Alizadeh, & Dehghani, 2020) possibly through mitochondrial dysfunction and the oxidative damage of membrane phospholipids, proteins, and DNA (Aboul Ezz et al, 2015; Kabuto, Hasuike, Minagawa, & Shishibori, 2003). Malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, has been currently considered as a potential biomarker for assessing oxidative stress in tissue injuries (Del Rio, Stewart, & Pellegrini, 2005).…”