“…However, NSA’s inhibition is species-specific, effective in human cells but not in murine cells, due to its targeting of MLKL’s Cys86 residue, which corresponds to a tryptophan residue in murine homologs [ 140 ]. NSA has shown efficacy in alleviating lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats by inhibiting necroptosis [ 141 , 142 ]. However, NSA’s narrow SAR limits further development and restricts its use to in vitro studies, mainly in primate cells.…”
Section: Pharmacological Interventions Against Necroptosis In Pneumoniamentioning
Pneumonia remains a major global health challenge, necessitating the development of effective therapeutic approaches. Recently, necroptosis, a regulated form of cell death, has garnered attention in the fields of pharmacology and immunology for its role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Characterized by cell death and inflammatory responses, necroptosis is a key mechanism contributing to tissue damage and immune dysregulation in various diseases, including pneumonia. This review comprehensively analyzes the role of necroptosis in pneumonia and explores potential pharmacological interventions targeting this cell death pathway. Moreover, we highlight the intricate interplay between necroptosis and immune responses in pneumonia, revealing a bidirectional relationship between necrotic cell death and inflammatory signaling. Importantly, we assess current therapeutic strategies modulating necroptosis, encompassing synthetic inhibitors, natural products, and other drugs targeting key components of the programmed necrosis pathway. The article also discusses challenges and future directions in targeting programmed necrosis for pneumonia treatment, proposing novel therapeutic strategies that combine antibiotics with necroptosis inhibitors. This review underscores the importance of understanding necroptosis in pneumonia and highlights the potential of pharmacological interventions to mitigate tissue damage and restore immune homeostasis in this devastating respiratory infection.
“…However, NSA’s inhibition is species-specific, effective in human cells but not in murine cells, due to its targeting of MLKL’s Cys86 residue, which corresponds to a tryptophan residue in murine homologs [ 140 ]. NSA has shown efficacy in alleviating lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats by inhibiting necroptosis [ 141 , 142 ]. However, NSA’s narrow SAR limits further development and restricts its use to in vitro studies, mainly in primate cells.…”
Section: Pharmacological Interventions Against Necroptosis In Pneumoniamentioning
Pneumonia remains a major global health challenge, necessitating the development of effective therapeutic approaches. Recently, necroptosis, a regulated form of cell death, has garnered attention in the fields of pharmacology and immunology for its role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Characterized by cell death and inflammatory responses, necroptosis is a key mechanism contributing to tissue damage and immune dysregulation in various diseases, including pneumonia. This review comprehensively analyzes the role of necroptosis in pneumonia and explores potential pharmacological interventions targeting this cell death pathway. Moreover, we highlight the intricate interplay between necroptosis and immune responses in pneumonia, revealing a bidirectional relationship between necrotic cell death and inflammatory signaling. Importantly, we assess current therapeutic strategies modulating necroptosis, encompassing synthetic inhibitors, natural products, and other drugs targeting key components of the programmed necrosis pathway. The article also discusses challenges and future directions in targeting programmed necrosis for pneumonia treatment, proposing novel therapeutic strategies that combine antibiotics with necroptosis inhibitors. This review underscores the importance of understanding necroptosis in pneumonia and highlights the potential of pharmacological interventions to mitigate tissue damage and restore immune homeostasis in this devastating respiratory infection.
“…Necrosulfonamide (NSA) is a selective inhibitor of MLKL that blocks its N-terminal CC domain function [35]. NSA suppresses necroptosis by directly inhibiting necrosome formation, showing protective effects against necroptosis in pulmonary I/R injury, spinal cord injury, and Alzheimer's disease [172][173][174][175][176]. In retinal degenerative disease, NSA showed an ameliorative effect in a pre-clinical animal model of Achromatopsia through alleviating necroptotic degeneration of cone photoreceptor [31].…”
The discovery of the necroptosis, a form of regulated necrosis that is mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), represents a major breakthrough that has dramatically altered the conception of necrosis -traditionally thought of as uncontrolled cell death -in various human diseases. Retinal cell death is a leading cause of blindness and has been identified in most retinal diseases, e.g., age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, etc. Increasing evidence demonstrates that retinal degenerative diseases also share a common mechanism in necroptosis. Exacerbated necroptotic cell death hinders the treatment for retinal degenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in identifying retinal necroptosis, summarize the underlying mechanisms of necroptosis in retinal degenerative diseases, and discuss potential anti-necroptosis strategies, such as selective inhibitors and chemical agents, for treating retinal degenerative diseases.
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