Protective effects of breastfeeding against acute respiratory tract infections and diarrhoea: Findings of a cohort study

Raheem, Raheema Abdul; Binns, Colin; Chih, HuiJun

doi:10.1111/jpc.13480

Cited by 40 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…The explanatory variables examined as potential determinants were derived from the literature and included maternal and infant characteristics such as maternal age, the mother's level of education, the mother's employment status, infant weight, the use of a pacifier; and biomedical and hospital practices, including the method of delivery, parity, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, antenatal class attendance, time since birth of the first breastfeed, whether the mother was taught how to attach, whether the infant was given a prelacteal feed of formula while in hospital, and 'feeding on demand' at one, three, and four months [4][5][6] (Supplementary Materials Table S1).…”

Section: Explanatory Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exclusively breastfed infants experience better health than those who are minimally breastfed or exclusively formula fed [1][2][3]. Infants who are not exclusively breastfed for the first months of their lives and are given other foods are more likely to be admitted to hospital with infections [4][5][6]. The World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the American Academy of Pediatrics, and other international authorities recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, followed by the introduction of appropriate complementary foods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of Breastfeeding Duration in Shiraz, Southwest Iran

Zarshenas

Zhao

Jordan

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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A prospective cohort study was conducted in Shiraz in the south west of Iran to investigate breastfeeding from birth to six months of age. Mothers were recruited in a face-to-face interview within 48 h of giving birth in three public and two private hospitals (n = 700). They were then followed-up at 4, 12, 16, and 26 weeks postpartum in local Maternal and Child Health Clinics. Upon being discharge from hospital, 98.7% of mothers were breastfeeding and 74.3% were ‘fully’ breastfeeding, but only 29.9% of mothers had breastfed ‘exclusively’ since birth. The median duration of ‘full’ breastfeeding was 13 weeks and less than 1 week for exclusive breastfeeding. In a multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression, after adjustment, shorter durations of ‘exclusive’, ‘full’, and ‘any’ breastfeeding were associated with the introduction of a pacifier. The in-hospital use of formula and prelacteal feeds were also associated with a shorter duration of full and any breastfeeding. Breastfeeding on demand at 3 months and beyond was associated with a longer duration of breastfeeding. The risk factors associated with the premature discontinuation of breastfeeding identified in this study are all related to the “Ten steps to successful breastfeeding” and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). The principles that the BFHI provide are reaffirmed in this study as the basis for future breastfeeding promotion programs.

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Section: Explanatory Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Breastfeeding Duration in Shiraz, Southwest Iran

Zarshenas

Zhao

Jordan

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Breastfeeding is considered essential for the promotion and protection of children's health, due to the nutritional and immunological properties of breast milk, which protect children from respiratory diseases, infectious diseases, [1][2][3], and diarrhea [1][2][3][4]. In addition, breastfeeding is considered important for the adequate development of the stomatognathic system, because the removal of breast milk involves intense muscle activity [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Electromyographic Analysis of the Suprahyoid Muscles in Infants Based on Lingual Frenulum Attachment during Breastfeeding

França

Albuquerque

Martinelli

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Muscle electrical activity analysis can aid in the identification of oral motor dysfunctions, such as those resulting from an altered lingual frenulum, which consequently impairs feeding. Here, we aim to analyze the suprahyoid muscle electrical activity of infants via surface electromyography, based on lingual frenulum attachment to the sublingual aspect of the tongue and floor of the mouth during breastfeeding. In the present study, we have studied full-term infants of both genders, aged between 1 and 4 months old. The mean muscle activities were recorded in microvolts and converted into percent values of the reference value. Associations between the root mean square and independent variables were tested by one-way analysis of variance and Student's t-test, with a significance level of 5% and test power of 95%, respectively. We evaluated 235 infants. Lower mean muscle electrical activity was observed with the lingual frenulum attached to apex/lower alveolar ridge, followed by attachment to the middle third/lower alveolar ridge, and between the middle third and apex/lower alveolar ridge. Greater suprahyoid muscle activity was observed with lingual frenulum attachment to the middle third of the tongue/sublingual caruncles, showing a coordination between swallowing, sucking, and breathing. Surface electromyography is effective in diagnosing lingual frenulum alterations, the attachment points of which raises doubt concerning the restriction of tongue mobility. Thus, it is possible to identify oral motor dysfunctions.

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“…In Vietnam, the proportion of deaths among children under 5 years attributable to pneumonia is 10%–14% and diarrhoea is 5%–9% 1 4. Current evidence has shown a link between infant feeding types and hospitalisation for infectious diseases including respiratory infections and diarrhoea 5–11. For example, a cross-sectional study of Vietnamese infants <5 months in 2011 reported that early initiation and exclusive breast feeding were inversely associated with the prevalence of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections 12.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prelacteal and early formula feeding increase risk of infant hospitalisation: a prospective cohort study

Nguyen

Binns

et al. 2019

Arch Dis Child

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ObjectiveTo ascertain the relationship between prelacteal feeding, early formula feeding and adverse health outcomes, especially hospitalisation during the first year of life.DesignMulticentre prospective cohort study.SettingSix hospitals across three cities in Vietnam.PatientsA total of 2030 pregnant women were recruited at 24–28 weeks of gestation and followed up at hospital discharge, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post partum.Main outcome measuresRates of infant hospitalisation, diarrhoea and lower respiratory tract infection during the first 12 months.ResultsFor the final complete sample (n=1709, 84%), about one-quarter of the infants experienced diarrhoea (25.5%) or were admitted to hospital with at least one episode (24.8%), and almost half (47.6%) the cohort contracted lower respiratory tract infection by 12 months. The prevalence of prelacteal feeding was high (56.5%) while formula feeding was common (79.5%) before hospital discharge, both of which increased the risks of adverse health outcomes particularly hospitalisation by approximately 1.5-fold, with adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.43 (1.09 to 1.88) and 1.48 (1.07 to 2.05), respectively for these infants by 12 months, when compared with others who were exclusively breast fed.ConclusionsPrelacteal feeding and early formula feeding before hospital discharge are associated with higher risks of infection and hospital admission in Vietnamese infants. Support for exclusive breast feeding should be provided to mothers to avoid the adverse consequences of giving formula milk and prelateal foods.

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Protective effects of breastfeeding against acute respiratory tract infections and diarrhoea: Findings of a cohort study

Abstract: Breastfeeding need to be promoted because the risk of infant morbidity is negatively associated with the duration of breastfeeding.

Cited by 40 publications

References 20 publications

Determinants of Breastfeeding Duration in Shiraz, Southwest Iran

Determinants of Breastfeeding Duration in Shiraz, Southwest Iran

Surface Electromyographic Analysis of the Suprahyoid Muscles in Infants Based on Lingual Frenulum Attachment during Breastfeeding

Prelacteal and early formula feeding increase risk of infant hospitalisation: a prospective cohort study

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