Protective Effect of β-Glucogallin on Damaged Cataract Against Methylglyoxal Induced Oxidative Stress in Cultured Lens Epithelial Cells

Abstract

Backgroundβ-glucogallin (GG) is one of the major plant polyphenolic antioxidants that have been associated with positive effects on human health and are crucial in the developing defense mechanism against the risk of diseases. However, reports on the protective mechanism of GG in lens epithelial cells are limited.Material/MethodsARPE-19 cells (a human retinal epithelial cell line) were exposed to methylglyoxal (MG) with or without GG to illuminate the protective role of GG in counteracting the cataract signaling.ResultsCells predisposed to MG demonstrated an increase in oxidative stress with augmented (P<0.01) inflammatory cytokines such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, chemokine receptor CXCR4, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) genes. In addition, the expression of aldose reductase (AR) was increased to 2-fold with accumulated sorbitol in MG exposed cells compared to control. On the other hand, cells exposed to MG evidenced a 3-fold increase in RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) and a 2-fold increase in NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) expression compared to control cells. Intriguingly, lens epithelial cells pre-treated with GG attenuated the reactive oxygen species levels with improved antioxidant enzymes. Simultaneously, the levels of AR and other inflammatory cytokines were observed in the levels closer to control cells in GG pre-treated cells.ConclusionsThus, the results of the present investigation show that GG may be a potential drug for the prevention of cataract development and progression.

Antiglaucoma Potential of β-Glucogallin Is Mediated by Modulating Mitochondrial Responses in Experimentally Induced Glaucoma

“…It suggests that the antioxidative potency of BG would prevent the cells from (retinal) degeneration. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, CXCR4, TNF-α, and MCP-1 that are produced due to the oxidative damage in the glaucoma-induced PC12 cells are similar to that of the observed methylglyoxal-induced oxidative stress in lens epithelial cells [37]. Treatment of PC12 cells with BG has shown the same trend of downregulation of these inflammatory cytokines as observed in the lens epithelial cells treatment with BG [37,61].…”

“…The resultant effect of increased superoxide anion would have countered by superoxide dismutase activity [36]. Whereas these cells were subjected to BG treatment, with the antioxidant capacity of BG [37], the reduced levels of protein carbonyl and nitrate stress in cells suggest the protective effect of BG.…”

“…Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, CXCR4, TNF-α, and MCP-1 that are produced due to the oxidative damage in the glaucoma-induced PC12 cells are similar to that of the observed methylglyoxal-induced oxidative stress in lens epithelial cells [37]. Treatment of PC12 cells with BG has shown the same trend of downregulation of these inflammatory cytokines as observed in the lens epithelial cells treatment with BG [37, 61]. These results have substantiated the action of BG with its antioxidative property providing a protective mechanism against oxidative stress-mediated glaucoma in PC12 cells.…”

Reactive Oxygen Species and Eye Aging in Cataracts through Biomolecular Mechanisms

“…The key role of MIR-182-5p against ROS is inhibiting NOX4 articulation and also p38 MAPK route; this anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative process emerges as a new therapeutic target for tomorrow´s clinical applications [58][59][60][61].…”

High complexity of toxic reactions: parallels between products of oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products

“…This is considered to be associated with the development of diabetic complications (Brings et al 2017) and age-related diseases in general (Rowan et al 2018). In the eye lens, both protein glycation (Bejarano and Taylor 2019) and oxidative stress (Ma et al 2019;Wojnar et al 2020) are thought to play significant roles in cataract development. The chemical complexity of heat-induced food contaminants is also a matter of in silico toxicological studies (Frenzel et al 2017).…”