Protective Effect of Tetramethylpyrazine on Myocardial Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury

Abstract

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a common pathological and physiological phenomenon. Tetramethylpyrazine is the extract of the traditional Chinese medicine Chuanxiong, which can exert protective effects on MIRI in multiple ways. This paper reviewed the current research progress and evidence about the cardiovascular effects of tetramethylpyrazine, which included protecting mitochondria and improving energy metabolism, scavenging oxygen free radicals (OFRs) to inhibit lipid peroxidation, attenuating calcium (Ca2+) overload and maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in cells, inhibiting apoptosis and protecting myocardial cells, interfering with the inflammatory reaction and mitigating cell injury, interfering with cell signaling pathways, and improving function of endothelial cells and protecting myocardial cells. However, further rigorously designed randomized controlled trials are warranted.

A comparative study on the cardioprotective potential of atorvastatin and simvastatin in hyperhomocysteinemic rat hearts

“…The initial ischemic damage followed by further damage induced by reperfusion is referred to as myocardial I/R injury (Qian et al, 2014). It is believed that I/R-induced myocardial injury is related to the increased reactive oxygen species generation, calcium overloading, apoptotic and necrotic myocytes death, and the loss of membrane phospholipids, especially during reperfusion (Ferdinandy et al, 2007;Balakumar et al, 2008;Rohilla et al, 2011).…”

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“…Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a bioactive constituent found in the root of the Chinese herb Chuanxiong, which is widely used in the treatment of a series of disease for its anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects [10][11][12][13]. Recent studies have shown that TMP has the protective effect on the kidney injury in diabetic animal model, indicating that TMP may be beneficial for the clinical treatment of DN [14,15].…”

RETRACTED ARTICLE: TN-2 Ameliorates Tunicamycin-Induced Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Associated Apoptosis in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

“…Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a bioactive constituent found in the root of the Chinese herb Chuanxiong, which is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebral diseases for its anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects (Shang et al 2013;Qian et al 2014). As shown in Fig.…”