Protective Effect of Bioactivity Guided Fractions of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Root Bark against Hepatic Injury and Chronic Inflammation via Inhibiting Inflammatory Markers and Oxidative Stress

Abstract

The tribal communities of North Eastern India rely on herbal medicine to cure various disease conditions. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae) is one of such medicinal plants used for curing liver ailments, insomnia, anemia, diarrhea, diabetic complications, cancer, and loss of appetite. The present study was aimed to describe the protective ability of Z. jujuba root bark (ZJRB) against hepatic injury and chronic inflammation. Bioactivity guided fractionation of Z. jujuba methanol extract (ZJME) was performed using different solvents of increasing polarity viz. hexane (ZJHF), chloroform (ZJCF), ethyl acetate (ZJEAF), water (ZJWF), and residue (ZJMR). In vitro antioxidant results revealed that both ZJME and ZJWF possess strong antioxidant activity among all the fractions and mother extract tested. Further, ZJME and ZJWF showed significant protection against CCl4 intoxicated HepG2 cell lines by means of increased cell viability and decreased LDH levels compared to control group. ZJME at 200, 400 mg/kg and ZJWF at 50, 100 mg/kg inhibited the lipid peroxidation and significantly restored the liver function markers (AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, SOD, and CAT) and cytokine levels (TNF-α, Il-1β, and Il-10) in CCl4 induced acute liver damage in rats. All the results were comparable with standard drug silymarin which was further confirmed by histopathology analysis of liver. Similarly, inflammation and increase inflammatory cytokines levels of carrageenan induced paw edema in rats have been refurbished to normal levels on par with the standard drug indomethacin. ZJWF demonstrated potent response than ZJME in all the biological tests conducted. The results of the study signify the ability of ZJRB as good therapeutic agent for liver toxicity and chronic inflammation.

Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology ofZiziphus jujubaMills

“…The methanolic extract prepared by Kandimalla et al . (), which was previously described, and the water fraction administered to Wistar rats in doses of 400 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively, demonstrated significant hepatoprotection against CCL 4 when administered 14 days prior to intoxication (1.5 mg/kg). A normal liver architecture was observed with no necrosis and mild inflammation.…”

“…A methanolic extract of the drug (10 kg of dry stem bark powder placed in methanol for 72 h) was subjected to gradual fractionation using different solvents of increasing polarity — hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water — by Kandimalla et al . (). The remaining methanol residue was collected and dried.…”

Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin

“…All the experiments were performed in a cold room (4°C). 24,25 evaluation of liver antioxidant enzyme levels and lipid peroxidation…”

“…33 The necrotic hepatocyte releases hepatobiliary enzymes like AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH into the bloodstream. 24,25 Antioxidant defense enzymes (SOD and CAT) neutralize the ROS produced in the body. SOD putrefies the highly reactive superoxide radical (O 2 ⋅ -) into hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which further converts it to water in the presence of CAT⋅ CCl 4 treatment depletes these antioxidant defense enzymes and leads to pronounced increase in oxidative damage to the hepatocytes.…”

Protective Role of Magic Fruit and Honey Bee against Human Hepatocarcinogenesis

“…jujube showed significant protection against CCl4 intoxicated HepG2 cell lines by means of increased cell viability and decreased LDH levels compared to control group. It was reported for anticancer, anxiolytic, anti-complementary and hypoglycemic activities [23][24][25][26]. Jujuba methanol extraction with different concentrations inhibited the lipid peroxidation and significantly restored the liver function markers (Ast, Alt, Alp, LDH) IN Acute liver damaged) [27].…”