Protective effect of adenovirus-mediated erythropoietin expression on the spiral ganglion neurons in the rat inner ear

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of erythropoietin (Epo) and the Epo receptor (Epo-R) in the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) of the rat inner ear, and to assess the effect of Epo adenovirus vector (Ad-Epo) on the spontaneous apoptosis of SGNs. A total of 60 ears from 30 healthy neonatal (2-3 days postnatal) Sprague-Dawley rats were used to examine the expression of Epo in the SGNs. The rats were divided into three groups: The negative control group, the vector control group [infected with a green fluorescent protein expression vector (Ad-GFP)] and the Ad-Epo group (infected with Ad-Epo). The expression of Epo and Epo-R was detected by immunohistochemistry and dual immunofluorescence staining using polyclonal antibodies directed against Epo and Epo-R, followed by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. An adenovirus vector was constructed and used to transfect the cultured SGNs. Following adenovirus infection, apoptosis of the SGNs was evaluated and Epo protein expression was assessed. Epo and Epo-R were widely expressed in the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm of the SGNs, as well as in the organ of Corti and the stria vascularis within the inner ear. Epo protein expression was upregulated in the Ad-Epo group compared with that in the other two groups (P<0.05). Apoptotic cells were seldom observed at day 4 of SGN culture in the negative control group. At day 7, marked apoptotic cells were detected in the negative control group and the vector control group. The apoptosis level in the Ad-Epo group was significantly decreased compared with that in the negative control group or the vector control group at day 7 (P<0.05). In conclusion, Epo and Epo-R are expressed in the SGNs of the inner ear of the rat, and Ad-Epo can decrease the spontaneous apoptosis of SGNs, which may provide a basis for the prevention or alleviation of sensorineural hearing loss.

Hormone Therapy: Challenges for Treating Hearing Impairments

“…Although previous reports place erythropoietin (EPO) as an ototoxic agent, by inducing vasoconstriction [69], various animal models showed that it protects the inner ear from ototoxic damage, observed through cell cultures and ABR. Thus, expression of Epo and Epo-R was detected by immunohistochemistry and dual immunofluorescence staining using polyclonal antibodies directed against Epo and Epo-R, followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy following Epo adenovirus vector infection [70]. In Epo-transgenic mice, lesser ABR threshold shifts after aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss were found, compared with the control group [71].…”

“Of mice and men”: the relevance of Cometin and Erythropoietin origin for its effects on murine spiral ganglion neuron survival and neurite outgrowth in vitro

“…For SGN therapy, the effects of EPO treatment are highly varied. There are reports that EPO treatment (i) decreases spontaneous apoptosis of cultured murine SGN ( Zhong et al, 2018 ), (ii) results in significantly less SGN loss in an animal model of SNHL ( Bächinger et al, 2018 ), (iii) has no positive effect on SGN survival but promotes neurite outgrowth ( Berkingali et al, 2008 ) or (iv) has no effect on survival or neurite outgrowth after administration ( Kaiser et al, 2013 ). Additionally, in clinical trials on neurodegenerative disease, EPO often fails to be protective as recently reviewed by Vittori et al (2021) .…”