Protective and Therapeutic Effect of Apocynin on Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Rats

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effect of apocynin (APO) on bleomycin (BLC)-induced lung injury in rats. Rats were assigned into groups as follows: control group; APO group, 20 mg/kg APO was given intraperitoneal for 29 days; BLC-1 and BLC-2 groups, a single intratracheal injection of BLC (2.5 mg/kg); APO+BLC-preventive group, 20 mg/kg APO was administered 12 h before the intratracheal BLC injection and continued for 14 days; BLC+APO-treatment group, 20 mg/kg APO was given on the 14th day after the intratracheal BLC injection and continued to sacrifice. The BLC-1 group was sacrificed on the 14th day of BLC administration to validate BLC-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis on the 14th of study initiation. All other groups were sacrificed on the 29th day after BLC administration. The semiquantitative histopathological assessment, tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured. An addition to the serum myeloperoxidase (MPO), the cell count and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were assayed. BLC-provoked histological changes were significantly detected compared to the control group. APO restored these histological damages in different quantity in the treatment and prevention groups. BLC caused a significant decrease in GSH, CAT, and GPX, which were accompanied with significantly the increased MDA, TOS levels, and OSI in the lung tissue concomitant with increased levels of the cellular account and proinflammatory cytokines in the BAL fluid. Otherwise, APO administration, both before and after BLC, reversed all biochemical markers and cytokine as well as histopathological changes induced by BLC. Interestingly, APO treatment reversed MPO activity in serum increased by BLC. In this study, both protective and therapeutic effects of APO against BLC-induced lung fibrosis were demonstrated for the first time.

Effect of traditional Chinese medicine formula Sinisan on chronic restraint stress-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a rat study

“…However, MDA is a kind of aldehyde produced through the lipid peroxidation process, which can promote crosslinking of nucleic acids, proteins, and phospholipids and change the function of these biological macromolecules. The level of lipid peroxidation can be represented by MDA content [49, 50]. Conversely, SOD can transform superoxide anions into H 2 O 2 , thereby eliminating superoxide anions and protecting cells from oxygen radical injury.…”

Ochratoxin A induces ER stress and apoptosis in mesangial cells via a NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species-mediated calpain activation pathway

“…NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin significantly inhibited the OTA-induced mesangial cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Several studies have demonstrated that apocynin has therapeutic effect on multiple animal disease model including chemically-induced colitis in mice [28], testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats [29], bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats [30], Cyclosporine A-Induced hypertension and nephrotoxicity in rats [31], established alcoholic steatohepatitis rat model [32], and contrast-induced nephropathy in the diabetic rats [33]. Therefore, these findings indicate that the concentrations of OTA used in this cellular toxicological study are reasonable and effectively induce mesangial cell cytotoxicity via a NADPH oxidase-derived ROS-mediated pathway.…”

“…Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization after they reached 80% confluence using 10-cm culture dishes and incubating them at 37°C in a humidified chamber with a 5% CO 2 /95% air mixture. RMCs were obtained by culturing glomeruli isolated from kidneys of 100- to 150-g male Sprague-Dawley rats by conventional sieving methods as described previously [30]. Cells were cultured in DMEM containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 44 mM NaHCO 3 , and 14 mM HEPES.…”

Investigation of the Effect of Apocynin on Experimental Traumatic Cataract Model

“…Grup: Santral 5 mm ön kapsülün künt spatül ile polisaj yapılarak katarakt (perforasyonsuz) oluşturulup 21 gün boyunca intraperitoneal 2 mL fosfat tamponlu salin içinde 20 mg/kg/gün aposinin (Apocynin, Sigma-Aldrich, ABD) verilen grup idi. 12 Hayvanlara günlük olarak biyomikroskobik muayene yapıldı. Göz içi basınçları perkins tonometre (Haag-Streit, Birleşik Krallık) ile öl-çüldü.…”

“…9 Aposinin, birçok alanda çalışmalarda kullanılmış ve çeşitli nedenlerden kaynaklanan oksidatif hasarların azaltılmasında etkili bulunmuştur. [10][11][12][13][14] Bu çalışmada, yeni bir travmatik katarakt modeli oluşturarak, aposinin molekülünün travmatik katarakt üzerine olan etkisinin incelenmesi amaç-lanmıştır.…”