Abstract:Animal feed can easily be infected with molds during production and storage processes, and this can lead to the production of secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, which eventually threaten human and animal health. Furthermore, livestock production is also not free from viral infections. Under these conditions, the essential trace element, selenium (Se), can confer various biological benefits to humans and animals, especially due to its anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant properties, as well as its abi… Show more
“… Fig. 3 Detoxification mechanism of selenium yeast on mycotoxins and heavy metals poisoning [ 140 ]. The symbol “→” indicates activation and “⟞” indicates inhibition.…”
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by specific fungi. More than 400 different mycotoxins are known in the world, and the concentration of these toxins in food and feed often exceeds the acceptable limit, thus causing serious harm to animals and human body. At the same time, modern industrial agriculture will also bring a lot of environmental pollution in the development process, including the increase of heavy metal content, and often the clinical symptoms of low/medium level chronic heavy metal poisoning are not obvious, thus delaying the best treatment opportunity. However, the traditional ways of detoxification cannot completely eliminate the adverse effects of these toxins on the body, and sometimes bring some side effects, so it is essential to find a new type of safe antidote. Trace element selenium is among the essential mineral nutrient elements of human and animal bodies, which can effectively remove excessive free radicals and reactive oxygen species in the body, and has the effects of antioxidant, resisting stress, and improving body immunity. Selenium is common in nature in inorganic selenium and organic selenium. In previous studies, it was found that the use of inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) can play a certain protective role against mycotoxins and heavy metal poisoning. However, while it plays the role of antioxidant, it will also have adverse effects on the body. Therefore, it was found in the latest study that selenium yeast could not only replace the protective effect of sodium selenite on mycotoxins and heavy metal poisoning, but also improve the immunity of the body. Selenium yeast is an organic selenium source with high activity and low toxicity, which is produced by selenium relying on the cell protein structure of growing yeast. It not only has high absorption rate, but also can be stored in the body after meeting the physiological needs of the body for selenium, so as to avoid selenium deficiency again in the short term. However, few of these studies can clearly reveal the protective mechanism of yeast selenium. In this paper, the detoxification mechanism of selenium yeast on mycotoxins and heavy metal poisoning was reviewed, which provided some theoretical support for further understanding of the biological function of selenium yeast and its replacement for inorganic selenium. The conclusions suggest that selenium yeast can effectively alleviate the oxidative damage by regulating different signaling pathways, improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reversing the content of inflammatory factors, regulating the protein expression of apoptosis-related genes, and reducing the accumulation of mycotoxins and heavy metals in the body.
“… Fig. 3 Detoxification mechanism of selenium yeast on mycotoxins and heavy metals poisoning [ 140 ]. The symbol “→” indicates activation and “⟞” indicates inhibition.…”
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by specific fungi. More than 400 different mycotoxins are known in the world, and the concentration of these toxins in food and feed often exceeds the acceptable limit, thus causing serious harm to animals and human body. At the same time, modern industrial agriculture will also bring a lot of environmental pollution in the development process, including the increase of heavy metal content, and often the clinical symptoms of low/medium level chronic heavy metal poisoning are not obvious, thus delaying the best treatment opportunity. However, the traditional ways of detoxification cannot completely eliminate the adverse effects of these toxins on the body, and sometimes bring some side effects, so it is essential to find a new type of safe antidote. Trace element selenium is among the essential mineral nutrient elements of human and animal bodies, which can effectively remove excessive free radicals and reactive oxygen species in the body, and has the effects of antioxidant, resisting stress, and improving body immunity. Selenium is common in nature in inorganic selenium and organic selenium. In previous studies, it was found that the use of inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) can play a certain protective role against mycotoxins and heavy metal poisoning. However, while it plays the role of antioxidant, it will also have adverse effects on the body. Therefore, it was found in the latest study that selenium yeast could not only replace the protective effect of sodium selenite on mycotoxins and heavy metal poisoning, but also improve the immunity of the body. Selenium yeast is an organic selenium source with high activity and low toxicity, which is produced by selenium relying on the cell protein structure of growing yeast. It not only has high absorption rate, but also can be stored in the body after meeting the physiological needs of the body for selenium, so as to avoid selenium deficiency again in the short term. However, few of these studies can clearly reveal the protective mechanism of yeast selenium. In this paper, the detoxification mechanism of selenium yeast on mycotoxins and heavy metal poisoning was reviewed, which provided some theoretical support for further understanding of the biological function of selenium yeast and its replacement for inorganic selenium. The conclusions suggest that selenium yeast can effectively alleviate the oxidative damage by regulating different signaling pathways, improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reversing the content of inflammatory factors, regulating the protein expression of apoptosis-related genes, and reducing the accumulation of mycotoxins and heavy metals in the body.
“…In contrast, organic Se is commonly used because of its low toxicity and high bioavailability. Selenomethionine (SeMet) is the typical organic source of Se and the main component of GSH-Px; SeMet can improve the body’s antioxidant performance, increase daily weight gain, and protect the immune system . SeMet (0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg/kg) was given orally to New Zealand rabbits for 21 days.…”
Section: Advances
In Alleviating the Enterotoxicity Of
T-2 Toxinmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Se has demonstrated strong antioxidant properties to protect against mycotoxins. In mycotoxin-affected animals, Se enhances the immunological response, decreases oxidative damage, and decreases the levels of proapoptotic proteins. , Se plays a beneficial role, in addition to the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, but the role of Se also depends on the function of selenoproteins. Future studies should investigate the role of selenium proteins in alleviating T-2 toxin enterotoxicity.…”
Section: Advances
In Alleviating the Enterotoxicity Of
T-2 Toxinmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Selenomethionine (SeMet) is the typical organic source of Se and the main component of GSH-Px; SeMet can improve the body's antioxidant performance, increase daily weight gain, and protect the immune system. 64 SeMet (0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg/kg) was given orally to New Zealand rabbits for 21 days. On the 17th day, the rabbits were administered 0.4 mg/kg T-2 toxin daily for a continuous five-day period.…”
Section: Advances In Alleviating the Enterotoxicity Of T-2 Toxinmentioning
Fusarium species
produce a secondary metabolite
known as T-2 toxin, which is the primary and most harmful toxin found
in type A trichothecenes. T-2 toxin is widely found in food and grain-based
animal feed and endangers the health of both humans and animals. T-2
toxin exposure in humans and animals occurs primarily through food
administration; therefore, the first organ that T-2 toxin targets
is the gut. In this overview, the research progress, toxicity mechanism,
and detoxification of the toxin T-2 were reviewed, and future research
directions were proposed. T-2 toxin damages the intestinal mucosa
and destroys intestinal structure and intestinal barrier function;
furthermore, T-2 toxin disrupts the intestinal microbiota, causes
intestinal flora disorders, affects normal intestinal metabolic function,
and kills intestinal epidermal cells by inducing oxidative stress,
inflammatory responses, and apoptosis. The primary harmful mechanism
of T-2 toxin in the intestine is oxidative stress. Currently, selenium
and plant extracts are mainly used to exert antioxidant effects to
alleviate the enterotoxicity of T-2 toxin. In future studies, the
use of genomic techniques to find upstream signaling molecules associated
with T-2 enterotoxin toxicity will provide new ideas for the prevention
of this toxicity. The purpose of this paper is to review the progress
of research on the intestinal toxicity of T-2 toxin and propose new
research directions for the prevention and treatment of T-2 toxin
toxicity.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
