The in vivo role of endogenous interleukin-18 (IL-18) in modulating gamma interferon (IFN-␥)-mediated resolution of replicativeLegionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is an intracellular pathogen of host mononuclear phagocytic cells (MPCs), primarily alveolar macrophages (19,24,27). Resistance to primary replicative L. pneumophila lung infection is dependent on the induction of cellular immunity and is mediated in part by cytokines, including gamma interferon (IFN-␥) (8, 9). Growth of L. pneumophila within permissive MPCs requires iron. IFN-␥ limits MPC iron, creating an intracellular environment that is nonpermissive for L. pneumophila replication (8, 9). IFN-␥ in combination with other cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣), facilitates elimination of L. pneumophila from infected MPCs, likely through the induction of effector molecules, including nitric oxide (7).Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a cytokine isolated from the livers of mice sequentially injected with heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide (28,29). Originally termed IFN-␥-inducing factor because of its ability to induce IFN-␥ in mice, IL-18 is now recognized to have pleotropic effects including (i) induction of proliferation of activated T cells; (ii) enhancement of the lytic activity of NK cells; (iii) induction of IFN-␥ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production by activated T cells, B cells, and/or NK cells; and (iv) promotion of T helper type 1 (Th1) responses (20,22,25,29,39,40,44). Responsiveness to IL-18 is conferred by IL-18 binding to its cognate receptor, which consists of the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-related protein 1 chain (IL-1Rrp1) (also known as IL-1R5) and the IL-1R accessory protein-like chain (IL-1RAcPL) (also known as IL-1R7) (4, 38, 42; R. Debets, J. C. Timans, T. Churakowa, S. Zurawski, R. de Waal-Malefyt, K. W. Moore, J. S. Abrams, A. O'Garra, J. F. Bazan, and R. A. Kastelein, unpublished data). Recent studies have demonstrated that IL-18-mediated cell activation can be prevented by inhibiting IL-18 ligand receptor interaction, by administration of anti-IL18 antibody (28) or by administration of monoclonal antibodies which recognize either the IL-1R5 chain (42) of the IL-1R7 chain (Debets et al., unpublished data) or the IL-18R.Synergistic effects of IL-18 with other cytokines, including IL-12, have been described in vitro, including markedly increased IFN-␥ production by T cells in comparison to that induced by either cytokine alone (1,33,37,43). The molecular mechanism underlying the synergy between IL-18 and IL-12 may be explained in part by reciprocal modulation of cytokine receptor expression. Specifically, IL-18 has been demonstrated to upregulate IL-12R expression (42), while IL-12 has been shown to upregulate expression of the IL-18R (1, 43).IL-18 has been shown to play a key role in innate immunity to intracellular pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (35) and Cryptococcus neoformans (32). However, the potential role of endogen...