Protection of HEVC Video Delivery in Vehicular Networks with RaptorQ Codes

Piñol, Pablo; Martínez-Rach, Miguel; López, Otoniel; Malumbres, Manuel P.

doi:10.1155/2014/619379

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…360-degree videos are known to use high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) for encoding and tiling purposes. The HEVC decoder is not robust against packet losses, as it crashes if packets are missing [39]. Volumetric media like point clouds currently use MPEG's video point cloud compression (V-PCC) for achieving a higher compression ratio up to 1000 [40].…”

Section: E Qpr With Fecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Partially Reliable Delivery of Immersive Media Over QUIC-HTTP/3

et al. 2023

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The increasing popularity of head-mounted displays (HMD) and depth cameras has encouraged content providers to offer interactive immersive media content over the internet. Traditionally, dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) is the go-to standard for video streaming. However, HTTP is built on top of protocols such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), which prioritize reliability over latency, thereby, inducing additional delay due to acknowledgments and retransmissions, especially on lossy networks. In addition, such reliable protocols suffer from head-of-line (HOL) blocking problem at various levels, leading to playout interruptions of the video streaming application. The third generation of HTTP, i.e., HTTP/3 was recently introduced to deal with the issues posed by TCP. As a major change, HTTP/3 replaces TCP with QUIC at the transport layer, which solves the HOL problem at the transport layer. Moreover, the datagram extension of QUIC allows for unreliable data delivery, just like UDP, which could substantially reduce the latency. Combining this feature of QUIC with the quality adaptation capabilities of DASHbased streaming could bring interactive immersive media delivery to the next level. This work proposes the integration of DASH with the concept of partial reliability of QUIC to reduce playout interruptions and increase the quality of the delivered immersive content on lossy networks. Here, the DASH scheme takes quality and prioritization decisions based on the changing network conditions and the user's viewport, respectively. Then, the part of the content with the highest priority, i.e., within the viewport, is delivered reliably and the rest unreliably. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to combine adaptive streaming with partial reliability. Herein, we provide an implementation of a headless player which supports HTTP/3 over partially reliable QUIC as well as state-of-the-art protocols like HTTP/3 over reliable QUIC and HTTP/2 over TCP. We performed an extensive evaluation of our proposed solution using real-world 5G throughput traces and bursty packet loss conditions, using point cloud streaming as the use case. Firstly, our evaluation shows that HTTP/2 is highly intolerant to loss and not suitable for streaming immersive media. Furthermore, even at a loss as high as 5%, the partially reliable framework achieves 46% higher throughput and delivers the content with 33% fewer playout interruptions compared to the reliable counterpart. Since current point cloud decoders are sensitive to loss, we applied the forward error correction mechanism to the data sent unreliably to ensure that the client decodes the content at a probability of 99.9%. Applying this overhead to our solution provides a significant gain of 25% in the throughput compared to the state of the art.

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Section: E Qpr With Fecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Partially Reliable Delivery of Immersive Media Over QUIC-HTTP/3

et al. 2023

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“…360-degree videos are known to use high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) for encoding and tiling purposes. The HEVC decoder is not robust against packet losses, as it crashes if packets are missing [20]. Volumetric media like point clouds currently use MPEG's video point cloud compression (V-PCC) for achieving a higher compression ratio up to 1000 [12].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even this is not known to be loss-resilient and crashes under packet loss. In the case of HEVC, loss-resilient mechanisms have already been developed using techniques such as forward error correction (FEC) [20]. V-PCC is still a work in progress and error-resilient point cloud video encoding, source/channel coding or even error recovery at the user end are still open research issues.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partially Reliable Transport Layer for QUICker Interactive Immersive Media Delivery

Ravuri

Vega

Hooft

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactive eXtended Reality

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Interactive immersive media come with stringent network-level requirements such as high bandwidth (i.e., several Gbps) and low latency (i.e., five milliseconds). Today, most video-streaming applications leverage the transmission control protocol (TCP) for reliable end-to-end transmission. However, the reliability of TCP comes at the cost of additional delay due to factors such as connection establishment, head-of-line (HOL) blocking, and retransmissions under sub-optimal network conditions. Such behavior can lead to stalling events or freezes, which are highly detrimental to the user's Quality of Experience (QoE). Recently, QUIC has gained traction in the research community, as it promises to overcome the shortcomings of TCP without compromising on reliability. However, while QUIC vastly reduces the connection establishment time and HOL blocking, thus increasing interactivity, it still underperforms while delivering multimedia due to retransmissions under lossy conditions. To cope with these, QUIC offers the possibility to support unreliable delivery, like that of the user datagram protocol (UDP). While live-video streaming applications usually opt for completely unreliable protocols, such an approach is not optimal for immersive media delivery since it is not affordable to lose certain data that might affect the end user's QoE. In this paper, we propose a partially reliable QUIC-based data delivery mechanism that supports both reliable (streams) and unreliable (datagrams) delivery. To evaluate its performance, we have considered two immersive-video delivery use cases, namely tiled 360-degree video and volumetric point clouds. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art protocols, especially in the presence of network losses and delay. Even at a packet loss ratio as high as 5%, the number of freezing events for a 120-second video is almost zero as against 120 for TCP.

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“…In a previous work ([ 15 ]), we evaluated RaptorQ codes performance in the protection of video streaming in vehicular networks. In the present work, new techniques have been proposed.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, a comparative analysis of the compression efficiency of slices and tiles has also been carried out. As well, seven new encoding modes introducing different levels of intra refresh have been designed and have been evaluated, together with the two simple encoding modes tested in [ 15 ]. In the present work, the quantization parameter used for every encoded mode has been dynamically adjusted in order to obtain encoded video sequences with a similar bit rate for all the encoding modes, instead of fixing a unique value for this parameter.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Error Resilient Coding Techniques for Video Delivery over Vehicular Networks

Piñol

Martínez-Rach

Garrido

et al. 2018

Sensors

Self Cite

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Nowadays, more and more vehicles are equipped with communication capabilities, not only providing connectivity with onboard devices, but also with off-board communication infrastructures. From road safety (i.e., multimedia e-call) to infotainment (i.e., video on demand services), there are a lot of applications and services that may be deployed in vehicular networks, where video streaming is the key factor. As it is well known, these networks suffer from high interference levels and low available network resources, and it is a great challenge to deploy video delivery applications which provide good quality video services. We focus our work on supplying error resilience capabilities to video streams in order to fight against the high packet loss rates found in vehicular networks. So, we propose the combination of source coding and channel coding techniques. The former ones are applied in the video encoding process by means of intra-refresh coding modes and tile-based frame partitioning techniques. The latter one is based on the use of forward error correction mechanisms in order to recover as many lost packets as possible. We have carried out an extensive evaluation process to measure the error resilience capabilities of both approaches in both (a) a simple packet error probabilistic model, and (b) a realistic vehicular network simulation framework. Results show that forward error correction mechanisms are mandatory to guarantee video delivery with an acceptable quality level , and we highly recommend the use of the proposed mechanisms to increase even more the final video quality.

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Protection of HEVC Video Delivery in Vehicular Networks with RaptorQ Codes

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Adaptive Partially Reliable Delivery of Immersive Media Over QUIC-HTTP/3

Adaptive Partially Reliable Delivery of Immersive Media Over QUIC-HTTP/3

Partially Reliable Transport Layer for QUICker Interactive Immersive Media Delivery

Error Resilient Coding Techniques for Video Delivery over Vehicular Networks

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