Protection of budding wounds in apple nursery trees from European canker

Scheper, R.W.A.; Stevenson, O.D.; Hedderley, Duncan I.

doi:10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5882

Cited by 4 publications

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“…The length of the incubation period decreases with larger wounds (Amponsah et al, 2015) and higher inoculum doses (Walter et al, 2016). The asymptomatic infection is a problem, especially in newly established orchards, as trees can become infected in the nursery (Børve et al, 2018(Børve et al, , 2019Scheper et al, 2016), but symptoms mostly develop once the trees are planted out in orchards. Cankers resulting from grafting infections typically develop on the rootstock or on the main stem, leading to removal of the whole tree (Weber, 2014).…”

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Limited asymptomatic colonization of apple tree shoots by Neonectria ditissima following infection of leaf scars and pruning wounds

et al. 2021

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The fungus Neonectria ditissima causes European apple canker, a serious problem for the apple industry in northern Europe (Weber, 2014), New Zealand (Di Iorio et al., 2019), and South America (Alves & Nunes, 2017). The pathogen infects apple trees via any type of natural or artificial wounds. In north-western Europe, leaf scars in autumn (Swinburne, 1975) and pruning wounds (Xu et al., 1998), occurring all-year-round, are especially important as infection sites.Wound susceptibility to infection decreases with increasing wound age (Dubin & English, 1974;Xu et al., 1998), whereas increasing duration of surface wetness leads to greater incidence of canker infection. Canker lesions can girdle and kill lateral shoots and branches; removing lesions affecting scaffold branches via pruning can cause an economical loss of fruiting wood as well as high management costs. Following infection of a wound, N. ditissima may remain

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confidence: 99%

Limited asymptomatic colonization of apple tree shoots by Neonectria ditissima following infection of leaf scars and pruning wounds

et al. 2021

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“…The painting of fresh pruning wounds with fungicides such as copper in mineral oil was proposed as a measure against new N. ditissima infections and also to prevent resurgent infections from any residual canker tissue left behind by incomplete pruning (Graf 1976). MBC fungicides, sometimes in mixture with a triazole, are also effective (Graf 1976;Scheper et al 2008Scheper et al , 2016. The dressing of wounds with different pastes may promote wound healing under certain circumstances as compared to untreated control wounds, but the effort was rarely worth the money and time in relevant trials (Saure 1962).…”

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Infection biology as the basis of integrated control of apple canker (Neonectria ditissima) in Northern Europe

Weber

Børve

2021

CABI Agric Biosci

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Background European canker, caused by Neonectria ditissima, is a disease of worldwide importance in apple production, yet knowledge about it is limited, highly regional and sometimes contradictory. This is an obstacle to successful disease management. Key aspects for Northern Europe are reviewed, based on research results from Northern Germany and Norway and on international literature data. Main topics Trunk cankers developing on young trees within the first 1–3 seasons of explanting can often be traced back to latent infections initiated in the nurseries. The most important nursery infection is a lateral canker on the main trunk of ‘knip’ trees, which are the standard tree type in Northern Europe. In strongly affected batches, up to 25% of trees have to be uprooted after the first growing season due to such trunk cankers. The establishment and maintenance of healthy orchards requires clean nursery material, especially in the case of susceptible cultivars. In Northern Germany, infections within commercial orchards most often proceed through wounds caused by fruit picking or leaf fall in autumn, as shown by the appearance of cankers in the following spring and by the high efficacy of fungicide treatments at leaf fall. Ascospores, commonly thought to be relevant for long-distance spread of infections, are not released until the end of leaf fall even in wet autumn seasons in Northern Germany. Therefore, their role in the disease remains unclear. Strong nitrogen-induced vegetative growth favours apple canker. In field trials conducted under conditions of current commercial practices, autumnal sprays with copper hydroxide or copper oxide were consistently more efficacious than copper oxychloride or captan in preventing new infections. Conclusions Restricted fertilisation and other measures to curb excessive vegetative growth during the first few years of an orchard, repeated canker pruning and well-timed treatments with effective fungicides in autumn are essential for IPM of apple canker. Nonetheless, canker remains capable of severely impairing the commercial success of susceptible cultivars in regions with wet climates even if all available measures are taken. This opens up long-term perspectives for the breeding of more resistant cultivars.

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Development of Neonectria ditissima infections initiated at grafting of apple trees

2019

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Protection of budding wounds in apple nursery trees from European canker

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Limited asymptomatic colonization of apple tree shoots by Neonectria ditissima following infection of leaf scars and pruning wounds

Limited asymptomatic colonization of apple tree shoots by Neonectria ditissima following infection of leaf scars and pruning wounds

Infection biology as the basis of integrated control of apple canker (Neonectria ditissima) in Northern Europe

Development of Neonectria ditissima infections initiated at grafting of apple trees

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