Protection against symptomatic infection with delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) BA.1 and BA.2 SARS-CoV-2 variants after previous infection and vaccination in adolescents in England, August, 2021–March, 2022: a national, observational, test-negative, case-control study

Powell, Annabel A; Kirsebom, Freja; Stowe, Julia; Ramsay, Mary; Lopez-Bernal, Jamie; Andrews, Nick; Ladhani, Shamez

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00729-0

Cited by 71 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Another prospective study in Delta and Omicron virus variant infected patients has similarly shown that vaccines are extremely effective at preventing severe forms of COVID-19, especially in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities [ 21 ]. Interestingly, vaccines appeared to be less potent against the Omicron virus variant than they were against the Delta variant [ 22 ]. This finding is at odds with our results, but it is probably due to a different choice of outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the authors did not consider ICU admission or mortality as in our study, but rather the need for oxygen treatment with a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) > of 28% and the use of any form of positive pressure support during ventilation. Therefore, the Omicron variant seems associated with milder disease when evaluated with different severity indexes [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on the In-Hospital Prognosis of Patients Admitted during Delta and Omicron Waves in Italy

et al. 2023

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All-cause mortality related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection has declined from the first wave to subsequent waves, probably through vaccination programs and the availability of effective antiviral therapies. Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on the prognosis of infected patients. Overall, we enrolled 545 subjects during the Delta variant wave and 276 ones during the Omicron variant wave. Data were collected concerning vaccination status, clinical parameters, comorbidities, lung involvement, laboratory parameters, and pharmacological treatment. Outcomes were admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 30-day all-cause mortality. Overall, the final sample included 821 patients with a mean age of 62 ± 18 years [range 18–100], and 59% were men. Vaccinated patients during the Delta wave were 37% (over ¾ with two doses), while during the Omicron wave they were 57%. Vaccinated patients were older (68 vs. 57 years), and 62% had at least one comorbidity Admission to the ICU was 20%, and the mortality rate at 30 days was 14%. ICU admissions were significantly higher during the Delta wave than during Omicron (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.1), while all-cause mortality did not differ. Unvaccinated patients had a higher risk of ICU admission (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.1) and 30-day all-cause mortality (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3–2.7). Results were consistent for both Delta and Omicron variants. Overall, vaccination with at least two doses was associated with a reduced need for ICU admission. Even one shot of the vaccine was associated with a significantly reduced 30-day mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on the In-Hospital Prognosis of Patients Admitted during Delta and Omicron Waves in Italy

et al. 2023

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“…[22] In the case of the omicron mutation, the infection spreads easily and quickly, but the severity is lower than that of the delta mutation. [23] In terms of the infection pattern, it is known that omicron mutations mainly cause upper respiratory tract infections, whereas delta mutations caused lower respiratory tract infections such as rapid progression of pneumonia (Fig. 2).…”

Section: The Deterioration Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

The emerging pandemic recent: SARS-CoV-2

Cha¹,

Jung²,

Seo³

et al. 2023

Life Cycle

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The coronavirus disease 2019 , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), induces coughing, vomiting, or fever. The occurrence, duration, and severity of these symptoms vary from person to person, which makes symptoms of the COVID-19 infection ranging from those of a mild cold to death in severe cases. The cause of these differences can be found in individual characteristics of the patient. Age, former diseases of the patient, and they medications they took can such characteristics. As the SARS-CoV-2 affects the lung, diseases related to the lung such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, moderate to severe asthma, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary embolism are especially more dangerous to the human body when infected by the SARS-CoV-2. In this paper, through various methods including comparing the characteristics of mutant viruses and subunits of COVID-19, we aimed to describe the risk factors and deterioration of COVID-19 and the strain of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…4,5 Whereas incremental reductions in protection against Epsilon, Gamma, Delta, and other early variants were generally found to be modest, 6-9 the Omicron BA.1 lineage was associated with ≥1.8-fold higher risk of breaking through infectionderived immunity in comparison to Delta, 10-13 as well as markedly lower effectiveness and duration of COVID-19 vaccinederived protection. [14][15][16] Although epidemiologic studies did not find strong evidence of differential vaccine-derived or infection-derived protection against the BA.2 lineage in comparison to BA.1, the subsequent BA.4 and BA.5 lineages were associated with notably increased risk of re-infection relative to earlier Omicron lineages, 17-20 as well as reduced vaccine effectiveness. 21,22 Monitoring the ability of emerging lineages to evade immunity from vaccination or prior infection is central to ongoing efforts aimed at mitigating the burden of SARS-CoV-2, similar to experience with vaccines against influenza, 23 pneumococcus, 24 and other infectious disease agents.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Increased vaccine sensitivity of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant

Lewnard

Hong

Kim

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Host immune responses are a key source of selective pressure driving pathogen evolution. Emergence of many SARS-CoV-2 lineages has been associated with improvements in their ability to evade population immunity resulting from both vaccination and infection. Here we show diverging trends of escape from vaccine-derived and infection-derived immunity for the emerging XBB/XBB.1.5 Omicron lineage. Among 31,739 patients tested in ambulatory settings in Southern California from December, 2022 to February, 2023, adjusted odds of prior receipt of 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 COVID-19 vaccine doses were 10% (95% confidence interval: 1-18%), 11% (3-19%), 13% (3-21%), and 25% (15-34%) lower, respectively, among cases infected with XBB/XBB.1.5 than among cases infected with other co-circulating lineages. Similarly, prior vaccination was associated with greater protection against progression to hospitalization among cases with XBB/XBB.1.5 than among non-XBB/XBB.1.5 cases (70% [30-87%] and 48% [7-71%], respectively, for recipients of ≥4 doses). In contrast, cases infected with XBB/XBB.1.5 had 17% (11-24%) and 40% (19-65%) higher adjusted odds of having experienced 1 and ≥2 prior documented infections, respectively, including with pre-Omicron variants. As immunity acquired from SARS-CoV-2 infection becomes increasingly widespread, fitness costs associated with enhanced vaccine sensitivity in XBB/XBB.1.5 may be offset by increased ability to evade infection-derived host responses.

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Protection against symptomatic infection with delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) BA.1 and BA.2 SARS-CoV-2 variants after previous infection and vaccination in adolescents in England, August, 2021–March, 2022: a national, observational, test-negative, case-control study

Cited by 71 publications

References 24 publications

Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on the In-Hospital Prognosis of Patients Admitted during Delta and Omicron Waves in Italy

Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on the In-Hospital Prognosis of Patients Admitted during Delta and Omicron Waves in Italy

The emerging pandemic recent: SARS-CoV-2

Increased vaccine sensitivity of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant

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