Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 acute infection shows a signature of Th17- and IFN-γ-mediated immunity

Interleukin-22 Reduces Lung Inflammation during Influenza A Virus Infection and Protects against Secondary Bacterial Infection

“…The highly pathogenic human-origin H3N2 IAV strain Scotland/20/74 and S. pneumoniae serotype 1 clinical isolate E1586 sequence type ST304 have been described (61)(62)(63)(64). Interleukin-22 Ϫ/Ϫ mice, backcrossed at least 10 times in C57BL/6 (65), as well as WT littermate controls, were bred in the Ludwig Institute (Brussels, Belgium).…”

Specific Immune Response Induced by a Lactobacillus Associated with a Pneumococcal Antigen in an “in vitro” Human Cells Model

“…In addition, the combinations of PppA with LcV and LcM induced higher values of IL-17 cytokines. IL-17A-secreting CD4+ T cells (Th17) mediate resistance against mucosal colonization by S. pneumoniae and play an important role in the clearance of pathogens in a mouse model [44,45]. In addition, humans lacking Th17 cells due to genetic mutation are highly susceptible to mucosal infections by S. pneumoniae [46].…”

“…Scientific evidence in animal and human cell models indicates that Th17 cells are implicated in the defense against human pathogens. Recent reports have demonstrated that pneumococcal antigens able to activate Th17 cells are effective as mucosal immunogens that can afford protection to mice against S. pneumoniae colonization [45,47]. Th s protection occurs in a CD4+T cell and IL-17 dependent manner [45,47].…”

“…Recent reports have demonstrated that pneumococcal antigens able to activate Th17 cells are effective as mucosal immunogens that can afford protection to mice against S. pneumoniae colonization [45,47]. Th s protection occurs in a CD4+T cell and IL-17 dependent manner [45,47]. IL-17 induction is a desirable characteristic in the design of pneumococcal vaccines and both LcV+PppA and LcM+PppA combinations were able to induce this cytokine.…”

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

“…Apply vet ointment onto the eyes and return the animals to the cage; make sure to maintain normothermia while under anaesthesia. NOTE: In this study bacterial challenge was performed in a volume of 50 µl to ensure delivery of at least 90% of the total CFU into the lungs as determined previously in 15,28 . To minimize distress of the animal's smaller volumes (e.g., 20 µl) can be used.…”