Protection against Long Ultraviolet Radiation: Topical Browning Agents and a New Outlook

Johnson, John A.; Fusaro, Ramon M.

doi:10.1159/000248786

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This color is lost by corneocyte sloughing. [4][5][6] Dihydroxyacetone offers 2-to 5-fold protection against UV-A. 6,7 Concentrations of DHA up to 15% provide up to 10-fold protection against PUVA-induced erythema, depending on concentration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6] Dihydroxyacetone offers 2-to 5-fold protection against UV-A. 6,7 Concentrations of DHA up to 15% provide up to 10-fold protection against PUVA-induced erythema, depending on concentration. 8 Bound DHA is also shed faster from psoriatic plaques than from uninvolved skin, the differential in DHA staining of psoriatic vs uninvolved skin being greatest at 72 hours.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Turbo-PUVA: Dihydroxyacetone-Enhanced Photochemotherapy for Psoriasis

Taylor¹,

Kwangsukstith²,

Wimberly³

et al. 1999

Arch Dermatol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Turbo-PUVA: Dihydroxyacetone-Enhanced Photochemotherapy for Psoriasis

Taylor¹,

Kwangsukstith²,

Wimberly³

et al. 1999

Arch Dermatol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Browning agents such as dihydroxyacetone (DHA) arc white or colorless compounds that produce a durable brown color in the stratum corneum [4]. In contrast to con ventional ultraviolet screens, the brown color absorbs in the low end of the visible spectrum with overlap into long UVA.…”

Section: 0mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To our knowledge, the absorption spectrum of the brown skin pigment produced by DHA has not been pub lished. We have cited experimental and clinical evidence [4,5] that the coloration protects against long UVA and visible (blue) radiation. Such an absorber may be called a UVA/V screen.…”

Section: 0mentioning

confidence: 99%

Broad-Spectrum Photoprotection: The Roles of Tinted Auto Windows, Sunscreens and Browning Agents in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Photosensitivity

Johnson

Fusaro

1992

Dermatology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since window glass absorbs sunlight below 320 nm, it provides a means of assessing sensitivity to longer wavelengths, i.e. UVA and visible radiation. Positive responses to the query of whether symptoms develop in the auto with the windows up must now be interpreted with regard to the possible presence of tinted plastic film on side and rear windows. These films block nearly all UVA radiation, as does the plastic interleaf of windshields. Thus, occupants of an auto equipped with plastic film receive photoprotection from UVB radiation and well into the UVA region. We define three classes of topical sunscreens: (1) conventional UVB screens, (2) broad-spectrum preparations containing a UVB screen and a UVA absorber and (3) browning agents such as dihydroxyacetone (DHA) that produce a skin coloration that absorbs in the low end of the visible region, with overlap into long-wavelength UVA. By considering responses of photosensitive persons in autos with tinted or untinted windows, coupled with efficacy of appropriate sunscreens, we produced an algorithm defining three photosensitivity subsets. Persons sensitive to long-wavelength UVA and/or visible radiation will benefit from tinted auto windows. In particular, patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) have actively promoted legislation allowing tinted windows. Support for their position is documented by recent reports of induction of lesions in LE patients by exposure to UVA and visible radiation. The brown color produced by DHA is a useful adjunct to the screening action of broad-spectrum sunscreens. Development of a durable color overnight allows application of the DHA preparation in the evening, thus eliminating possible interference with sunscreen use during the day.

show abstract

“…Additionally, melanoids also absorb in the ultraviolet A range as well [2,3]. This sun protection, however, is operative only for the first few hours of its application, and does not continue for the duration of the color change.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dihydroxyacetone and Methods to Improve its Performance as Artificial Tanner

G.¹,

N.²

2009

TODJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dihydroxyacetone binds to proteins in the stratum corneum of the skin imparting a non-toxic, bronze color to the skin. The resulting pigments are called melanoidins, or brown chromophores. Since the 1980's, improved formulations of sunless tanners are available due to more purified sources of DHA and refinements in the DHA manufacturing process. The color is not removed by simple washing, swimming, or natural perspiration, but it only lasts for 5 to 7 days, as skin cells are continuously being shed. Exfoliation, tape stripping, prolonged water submersion, or heavy sweating can lighten the tan, as these all contribute to rapid dead skin cell pealing. Indeed, patients may opt to reapply the product on a regular basis (such as daily or every fourth day) to maintain the skin color.Possible improvements in dihydroxyacetone products include addition of perfluoropolyether phosphate to lower the formulation's pH, exfoliation with polyethylene beads prior to treatment, wiping skin with an acidic toner just prior to application, addition of strong antioxidants such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester, using a polymer base, and pretreatment of the skin with amino acids to increase binding sites of DHA to the skin.Tanned skin remains a desirable quest by a large segment of the population in Western countries. Several products are being marketed for that coveted dark skin tone without direct ultraviolet tanning. The list of sunless-or self-tanners includes dihydroxyacetone (DHA), color cosmetics, henna, juglone, bronzing gels, color washes, facial highlighters, bronzing powders, tinted moisturizers, and facial foundations [1]. As DHA is the most common active agent in sunless tanners, and as it is neither toxic nor absorbed through the skin into the body (as it does not penetrate beyond the stratum corneum), this manuscript concentrates on this Food and Drug Administration-approved product.DHA, also named dihydroxy-2 propanone, is a simple three carbon sugar which is derived from plant sources such as sugar beets and sugar cane by the fermentation of glycerin. It binds to proteins in the stratum corneum of the skin imparting a bronze color to the skin. This skin browning effect is non-toxic. DHA reacts chemically with the amino acid groups, which are part of the protein containing keratin layer on the skin surface. Various amino acids react differently to DHA, producing different tones of coloration from yellow to brown. The resulting pigments are called melanoidins, or brown chromophores. These are similar in coloration to melanin, the natural substance in the deeper skin layers. The mechanism of this artificial tanning is totally different from natural tanning, which is based on the increase in melanin pigmentation secondary to ultraviolet exposure. On passing, this chemical reaction of an amino acid with a reducing sugar is often referred to as a Maillard reaction.

show abstract

Protection against Long Ultraviolet Radiation: Topical Browning Agents and a New Outlook

Cited by 33 publications

References 13 publications

Turbo-PUVA: Dihydroxyacetone-Enhanced Photochemotherapy for Psoriasis

Turbo-PUVA: Dihydroxyacetone-Enhanced Photochemotherapy for Psoriasis

Broad-Spectrum Photoprotection: The Roles of Tinted Auto Windows, Sunscreens and Browning Agents in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Photosensitivity

Dihydroxyacetone and Methods to Improve its Performance as Artificial Tanner

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About