Protecting the environment through insect farming as a means to produce protein for use as livestock, poultry, and aquaculture feed

Tomberlin, Jeffery K.; Huis, A. van; Benbow, M. Eric; Jordan, Heather R.; Astuti, Dewi Apri; Azzollini, D.; Banks, Ian J.; Bava, V.; Borgemeister, Christian; Cammack, Jonathan A.; Chapkin, Robert S.; Čičková, Helena; Crippen, Tawni L.; Day, Alison M.; Dicke, Marcel; Drew, Deborah; Emhart, Cristian; Epstein, Michelle M.; Finke, Mark D.; Fischer, Christian Holst; Gatlin, Delbert M.; Grabowski, Nils Th.; He, Chao; Heckman, Lars-Henrik Lau; Hubert, Aline; Jacobs, James J.; Josephs, Jennie; Khanal, Samir Kumar; Kleinfinger, J.-F.; Klein, G.; Leach, Cheryl; Liu, Y.; Newton, G. L.; Olivier, Robert; Pechal, Jennifer L.; Picard, Christine; Rojo, Santos; Roncarati, Alessandra; Sheppard, Craig; Tarone, Aaron M.; Verstappen, Bart; Vickerson, A.; Yang, Hanmin; Yen, Alan L.; Zhou, Yu; Zhang, J.; Zheng, Longyu

doi:10.3920/jiff2015.0098

Cited by 43 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Due to rapid growth of world population, which is predicted to reach 9 billion people in 2050, the global food demand will rise by nearly 100% from 2005 to 2050[ 1 , 2 ], whereas animal feed and human food production through agriculture is expected to increase by 60%[ 3 ]. Future shortage for maize, rice, wheat and soybean was estimated approximately 67%, 42%, 38%, and 55% respectively[ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future shortage for maize, rice, wheat and soybean was estimated approximately 67%, 42%, 38%, and 55% respectively[ 4 ]. The undernourished population increased by approximately 805 million in the developing countries which could lead to greater risk of local, national and global diseases outbreaks[ 3 ]. Therefore, the search for new food and feed sources contain high amount of protein and essential amino acids, fatty acids and micronutrients (calcium, iron, and zinc) becomes urgent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic changes of nutrient composition throughout the entire life cycle of black soldier fly

et al. 2017

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Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens L., develops on organic wastes, reducing ecological pollution and converting waste biomass into protein and fat rich insect biomass. BSF can replace increasingly expensive protein sources used in poultry, aquaculture and livestock compound diet formulation, such as fish meal and soybean meal, which holds the potential to alleviate future food and feed insecurity. The fate of nutritional spectra in BSF during its life cycle phases is still poorly understood. This study assessed metabolic changes in nutrition composition of BSF from egg to adult. A rapid increase of crude fat content was observed since the development of 4–14 days of larvae with its maximum level reaching 28.4% in dry mass, whereas the crude protein displayed a continuous decreasing trend in the same development phases with minimum level of 38% at larval phase (12 days) and peak level of 46.2% at early pupa stage. A sharp drop in crude fat was noticed from early prepupae to late pupae (24.2%, 8.2% respectively). However crude protein shows its maximum value being 57.6% at postmortem adult stage with 21.6% fat level. In addition, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins composition in different development stages of BSF were presented and compared. Findings from this study could provide podium to food and feed industry for framing a strategy for specific molecular nutritional component intake into the diets of humans, aquaculture and animals. It is also indicated that BSF is a possible insect which can be applied to combating the food scarcity of countries where micronutrient deficiency is prevalent. Moreover it contributes to advance exploring for developmental and metabolic biology of this edible insect.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic changes of nutrient composition throughout the entire life cycle of black soldier fly

et al. 2017

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“…With increasing concern for environmental sustainability, and global food and nutrition security, particularly in light of the growing human population, the availability of arable land for agriculture, diminishing fisheries stocks and unprecedented climate change, a shift to alternative food production practices is necessary (Nakagaki & Defoliart 1991; Rumpold & Schlüter 2013; Tomberlin et al . 2015). Vermiculture, and more generally entomofarming, has been proposed as one such alternative, with insects having high feed conversion ratios, low input costs and reduced space recruitments for production in comparison with traditional livestock (van Huis 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and phenotypic consequences of early domestication in black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens)

et al. 2020

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Summary The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, is an emerging biotechnological agent with its larvae being effective converters of organic waste into usable bio‐products including protein and lipids. To date, most operations use unimproved commercial populations produced by mass rearing, without cognisance of specific breeding strategies. The genetic and phenotypic consequences of these commercial practices remain unknown and could have a significant impact on long‐term population viability and productivity. The aim of this study was thus to assess the genetic and phenotypic changes during the early phases of colony establishment and domestication in the black soldier fly. An experimental colony was established from wild founder flies and a new microsatellite marker panel was developed to assess population genetic parameters along with the phenotypic characteristics of each generational cohort under captive breeding. The experimental colony was characterised by a small effective population size, subsequent loss of genetic diversity and rapid genetic and phenotypic differentiation between the generational cohorts. Ultimately, the population collapsed by the fifth generation, most likely owing to the adverse effect of inbreeding depression following the fixation of deleterious alleles. Species with r‐selected life history characteristics (e.g. short life‐span, high fecundity and low larval survival) are known to pose particular challenges for genetic management. The current study suggests that sufficient genetic and phenotypic variations exist in the wild population and that domestication and strain development could be achieved with careful population augmentation and selection during the early stages of colony establishment.

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“…Australia [15], and Asia [16,17]. Due to its widespread distribution and ease with which it can be maintained in a colony [14], there is substantial global interest in the mass production of the BSF as a means to produce protein [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconversion of organic wastes into biodiesel and animal feed via insect farming

Olivier²,

et al. 2016

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Approximately one-third of all food produced for human consumption worldwide is wasted. The current waste management practices are not only costly but also have adverse impact on environment. In this study, black soldier flies (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) was grown on food wastes to produce fat and protein-rich BSF prepupae as a novel strategy for efficient organic waste management. The lipid content in BSF prepupae was characterized for fatty acids profile. The whole BSF prepupae, pressed cake, and meal were analyzed for important animal feed characteristics. BSF-derived oil has high concentration of medium chain saturated fatty acids (67% total fatty acids) and low concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (13% total fatty acids), which makes it potentially an ideal substrate for producing high quality biodiesel. BSF (prepupae, pressed cake, and meal) has feed value comparable to commercial feed sources. Thus, the bioconversion of organic waste into BSF prepupae has significant potential in generating high-value products with simultaneous waste valorization.

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Protecting the environment through insect farming as a means to produce protein for use as livestock, poultry, and aquaculture feed

Cited by 43 publications

References 12 publications

Dynamic changes of nutrient composition throughout the entire life cycle of black soldier fly

Dynamic changes of nutrient composition throughout the entire life cycle of black soldier fly

Genetic and phenotypic consequences of early domestication in black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens)

Bioconversion of organic wastes into biodiesel and animal feed via insect farming

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