Protecting Species by Promoting Protected Areas and Human Development—A Panel Analysis

Abstract

We analyze a panel of 147 countries over a 21-year period. We used the Generalized Method of Moments First Differences panel estimation method and found that there is a statistically significant positive association between terrestrial protected areas and protected species. There is strong evidence of a positive statistical relationship between the Human Development Index and protected species under the condition of efficient nitrogen use as an instrumental variable. We support the revision of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis by claiming that in the 21st century it need not be strictly U-shaped, but that a rise in environmental protection measures is present across the board. The final contribution of the paper is the idea that protecting the habitat of endangered species is commensurate with increasing human welfare through income, health and education.

The Key to Sustainable Economic Development: A Triple Bottom Line Approach

“…As the sample involved panel data, a quantitative methodology was used, as described by Jain and Nagpal [107] and Mance and Kruni [108]. Firstly, a statistical analysis of the dependent and independent variables was conducted.…”

Miskoncepcije i stavovi o fizici kod studenata fizioterapije

“…U svjetlu sve boljeg razumijevanja molekularnih mehanizama bolesti, razvoja novih tehnologija koje omogućavaju istraživanje tih molekularnih procesa, kao i teorija koje ih objašnjavaju, za očekivati je da će Poražavajuće je to što je u spomenutom istraživanju 19,3 % studenata izjavilo da se u nastavi fizike nisu izvodili pokusi, a u našem istraživanju (s vremenskim odmakom početka istraživanja duljeg od jednog desetljeća) nema vidljivog pomaka na bolje (18 % studenata složilo se s tvrdnjom da se u nastavi fizike ne izvode pokusi). Razvoj pozitivnijih stavova prema fizici, ali i općenito temama suvremenog obrazovanja prema kojima su usmjereni najbolji obrazovni sustavi svijeta, moguć je i kroz rano uvođenje ovih tema u obrazovni sustav, naravno u obliku prilagođenom uzrastu uključenom u obrazovanje 16,17 . Za očekivati je da bi se tako od najranije dobi mogli razviti pozitivni stavovi o znanosti, društvu i okolišu, ali i potaknuti razvoj kritičkog mišljenja kod najmlađih.…”

Drivers of the European Union’s Environmental Performance

“…Among recent studies, we can mention the ones conducted by Pimonenko et al (2018), Halkos and Zisiadou (2018), Ghodrati et al, 2018, Pourali et al (2019, Jain and Nagpal (2019), Raza et al (2021), Li et al (2021), Mance et al (2021), andNogueira andMadaleno (2021). Pimonenko et al (2018) proved that countries that are high ranked on environmental performance index have a high sustainable development goal index and a high social progress index, while countries with huge level of CO 2 emissions should improve their environmental policy.…”

“…In addition to these studies, it is interesting to consult the research of Mance et al (2021), who investigates the relationship of HDI on two indices related to EPI, namely, the protected species index and the terrestrial protected areas index. Also, the research of Nogueira and Madaleno (2021) include EPI as an influencing factor of GDP per capita and of GINI index.…”