Protecting Ecosystems and Alleviating Poverty with Parks and Reserves: ‘Win-Win’ or Tradeoffs?

Ferraro, Paul J.; Hanauer, Merlin M.

doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9408-z

Cited by 112 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…**Slope captures other deforestation pressures as well, such as ease of logging (18), but agriculture is the key deforestation force in our study. In Costa Rica, slope has been shown to be a good proxy for agricultural suitability (13). Furthermore, the response functions conditional on slope and baseline labor force in agriculture exhibit similar trends (SI Appendix, Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Unfortunately, there is little scientific evidence on the nature of this heterogeneity or the potential tradeoffs between environmental and socioeconomic outcomes (3,12). Retrospective causal analysis of the socioeconomic impacts of developing country protected areas is limited (6,10,11,13,14). Only the work in Thailand and Costa Rica (10,11,13) also included information on environmental outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retrospective causal analysis of the socioeconomic impacts of developing country protected areas is limited (6,10,11,13,14). Only the work in Thailand and Costa Rica (10,11,13) also included information on environmental outcomes. However, those previous studies do not include sufficiently detailed analysis of heterogeneity in impacts to assess potential tradeoffs between ecosystem protection and poverty alleviation (15,16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We select these two nations, because they have significant biodiversity, large protected area systems, and reliable spatially explicit data. Unlike previous studies that explore heterogeneous impacts of protected areas (11,13,18), we examine impacts on both avoided deforestation and poverty reduction and use a nonparametric method of locally weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOESS) (19,20) and a semiparametric partial linear differencing model (PLM) (21)(22)(23). These models estimate more informative continuous relationships between observable characteristics and outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conditions associated with protected area success in conservation and poverty reduction

Ferraro

Hanauer²,

Sims³

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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235

174

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Protected areas are the dominant approach to protecting biodiversity and the supply of ecosystem services. Because these protected areas are often placed in regions with widespread poverty and because they can limit agricultural development and exploitation of natural resources, concerns have been raised about their potential to create or reinforce poverty traps. Previous studies suggest that the protected area systems in Costa Rica and Thailand, on average, reduced deforestation and alleviated poverty. We examine these results in more detail by characterizing the heterogeneity of responses to protection conditional on observable characteristics. We find no evidence that protected areas trap historically poorer areas in poverty. In fact, we find that poorer areas at baseline seem to have the greatest levels of poverty reduction as a result of protection. However, we do find that the spatial characteristics associated with the most poverty alleviation are not necessarily the characteristics associated with the most avoided deforestation. We show how an understanding of these spatially heterogeneous responses to protection can be used to generate suitability maps that identify locations in which both environmental and poverty alleviation goals are most likely to be achieved.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 78%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Conditions associated with protected area success in conservation and poverty reduction

Ferraro

Hanauer²,

Sims³

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

235

174

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“…All four countries have been the subjects of previous studies on the impact of protected areas on deforestation and regrowth (23,25,29,32). Two of them have been the subjects of published studies on the impact of protected areas on poverty in neighboring communities (31,32), and on the moderators of the forest and poverty impacts (26,37).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the impacts of conservation on ecosystem services and poverty by integrating modeling and evaluation

Ferraro

Hanauer

Miteva

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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101

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Scholars have made great advances in modeling and mapping ecosystem services, and in assigning economic values to these services. This modeling and valuation scholarship is often disconnected from evidence about how actual conservation programs have affected ecosystem services, however. Without a stronger evidence base, decision makers find it difficult to use the insights from modeling and valuation to design effective policies and programs. To strengthen the evidence base, scholars have advanced our understanding of the causal pathways between conservation actions and environmental outcomes, but their studies measure impacts on imperfect proxies for ecosystem services (e.g., avoidance of deforestation). To be useful to decision makers, these impacts must be translated into changes in ecosystem services and values. To illustrate how this translation can be done, we estimated the impacts of protected areas in Brazil, Costa Rica, Indonesia, and Thailand on carbon storage in forests. We found that protected areas in these conservation hotspots have stored at least an additional 1,000 Mt of CO 2 in forests and have delivered ecosystem services worth at least $5 billion. This aggregate impact masks important spatial heterogeneity, however. Moreover, the spatial variability of impacts on carbon storage is the not the same as the spatial variability of impacts on avoided deforestation. These findings lead us to describe a research program that extends our framework to study other ecosystem services, to uncover the mechanisms by which ecosystem protection benefits humans, and to tie cost-benefit analyses to conservation planning so that we can obtain the greatest return on scarce conservation funds.T o inform decision makers about how they can best allocate resources to maintain and enhance ecosystem services, scholars need to develop a better understanding of how policy interventions actually affect the supply of ecosystem services. In the last two decades, scholars have made important advances in defining, measuring, and valuing ecosystem services across time and space (1-7). These measures and values have in turn been used as conservation planning and resource management decision tools (8-11). The degree to which policies and programs have affected these services and values in the past remains poorly understood, however (12, 13). Without an evidence base for the impacts of real policies and programs on ecosystem services, the insights from modeling and valuation are not as informative to decision makers as they could be.A separate and more recent literature focuses on estimating the impacts of conservation policies and programs on environmental and social outcomes (reviewed in refs. 14 and 15). Scholars working in this impact evaluation literature strive to eliminate rival explanations for the empirical patterns observed, so that any correlations between programs and outcomes can be confidently attributed to causal relationships; however, these studies do not estimate impacts on ecosystem services, but rather estima...

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Heterogeneous impacts of community forestry on forest conservation and poverty alleviation: Evidence from Indonesia

et al. 2019

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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract 1. Community forestry is a participatory approach aiming to achieve sustainable forest management while also reducing poverty among rural communities. Yet, evidence of the impacts of community forestry programmes on both forest conservation and poverty alleviation is scarce, and there is limited understanding of impacts across different social and biophysical contexts.2. We applied a matching method to assess the extent to which deforestation has decreased and village well-being has improved as a result of Indonesia's community forestry scheme, Hutan Desa (Village Forest). We assessed five dimensions of well-being: basic (living conditions), physical (access to health and education), financial (income support), social (security and equity) and environmental (natural hazard prevention).3. We found that Hutan Desa was associated with reduced deforestation and poverty. 'Win-win' outcomes were found in 51% of cases, comprising (a) positive outcomes for both forests and poverty, (b) a positive outcome for one aspect and a negligible outcome for the other, or (c) a positive outcome for poverty in areas where natural forest had already been lacking prior to Hutan Desa tenure. Benefits to forests and people systematically differed depending on land-use zones, reflecting subtle interactions between anthropogenic pressures and community livelihood characteristics. 4. In Watershed Protection Zones, which are dominated by subsistence-based forest livelihoods, community forestry provided mild conservation benefits, but resulted in the greatest improvements in well-being through improved land tenure.In Limited Production Zones, community forestry provided modest benefits for | 205People and Nature SANTIKA eT Al.

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Protecting Ecosystems and Alleviating Poverty with Parks and Reserves: ‘Win-Win’ or Tradeoffs?

Abstract: Ecosystems, Poverty, Protected areas, Impacts, Program evaluation, Econometrics, Costa Rica,

Cited by 112 publications

References 26 publications

Conditions associated with protected area success in conservation and poverty reduction

Conditions associated with protected area success in conservation and poverty reduction

Estimating the impacts of conservation on ecosystem services and poverty by integrating modeling and evaluation

Heterogeneous impacts of community forestry on forest conservation and poverty alleviation: Evidence from Indonesia

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