Proteases in Cell Lysate of Uronema marinum (Ciliata: Scuticociliatida), an Opportunistic Pathogen of Cultured Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Ryun, Kwon Se; Soo, Kim Chun; Jin, Ahn Kyoung; Bum, Cho Jae; Ki, Chung Joon; Ho, Lee Hyung; Kim, Hong

doi:10.5657/fas.2002.5.3.145

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Host leukocytes produce ROS to generally kill parasites but the ciliates appear to evade ROS by scavenging them. This has been observed in cultures of U. marinum and turbot head kidney leukocytes [162] and of M. avidus and turbot peritoneal leukocytes [163]. Proteinase activities have been examined as virulence factors among Tetrahymena and scutitociliates.…”

Section: Pathogenic Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Pinheiro¹,

Bols²

2013

Springer Science Reviews

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How the ciliates of fish can be cultured and be used to study ciliate/fish interactions are reviewed. The culturing of ciliates is currently done in basal solutions based on either freshwater, seawater, or bodily fluids of vertebrates. These are supplemented either with bacteria, fish cells, or organic matter, which can be defined or more commonly undefined, with proteose peptone being a prominent example. Among pathogenic ciliates, the most difficult to culture has been Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. To contrast, Cryptocaryon irritans caused a similar disease and has been maintained successfully in co-cultures with fish cells. Pathogenic scuticociliates and tetrahymenas are more amenable to culture, and can be grown axenically. These cultures have been used to study pathogenic mechanisms and to screen drugs for their potential chemotherapeutic value. Ciliates may act directly on fish to cause disease, but may also influence fish health indirectly through their interactions with other types of fish pathogens, for example bacteria and fungi. For example, in culture Tetrahymena spp. have been shown to phagocytose pathogenic bacteria, Yersinia ruckerii, and microsporidia, Glugea hertwigi, where ciliates are not linked to disease, very different ciliate/fish interactions are possible. For some fish larvae, free-living ciliates are a source of nutrients. Large-scale cultures of both freshwater and marine ciliates have been achieved and could be a source of feed for fish larvae in aquaculture. Finally, ciliates have the potential to feed on fish carcasses and in doing so make nutrients available to the ecosystem. In the future cell cultures should be invaluable in studying these and other possible relationships between fish and ciliates.

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Section: Pathogenic Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Pinheiro¹,

Bols²

2013

Springer Science Reviews

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“…Cysteine protease activity is necessary for the survival of intracellular protozoans within macrophages [11] and the enzymes act not only as virulence factors but also as modulators of host immune responses [12,13]. The capacity of several protozoan parasites to cause invasive disease is linked to the inability of the innate immune response of the host to recognize and eliminate the parasite [14]. Cysteine proteinases can cleave the C3 component of complement, and degrade immunoglobulins and the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scuticociliate cysteine proteinases modulate turbot leucocyte functions

Paramá

Castro

Arranz

et al. 2007

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…The presumed parasitic variant of U. marinum causes scuticociliatosis in fish, a disease caused by invading ciliates that destroy fish tissue. In parasitic diseases proteases play an important role in pathogenicity (Lee et al 2003) for instance by facilitating host tissue invasion (Kwon et al 2002). U. marinum is known to secrete a metalloprotease.…”

Section: Known Secretion By Uronema Marinummentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton growth inhibited by the toxic and bacterivorous ciliate Uronema marinum (Protozoa, Ciliophora)

Schaafsma¹,

Peperzak²

2013

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The ubiquitous marine ciliate Uronema marinum is mainly bacterivorous. It was therefore surprising that in a ciliate-contaminated experiment the growth rate of the phytoplankton species Emiliania huxleyi was significantly reduced. As U. marinum does not ingest E. huxleyi cells, their growth inhibition was probably caused by a toxin secreted by the ciliate, presumably a novel type of chemical interaction between ciliates and phytoplankton. A possible function of toxin secretion is to lyse algal cells that are too large for U. marinum to ingest, to increase dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations and hence the growth of heterotrophic bacteria, the main food source of U. marinum. To test this hypothesis U. marinum or the filtrate of U. marinum cultures was added to cultures of phytoplankton with different cell sizes. The presence of U. marinum or the filtrate of U. marinum cultures showed an inhibiting growth effect and a negative effect on the physiology of all species tested although both effects were variable between species. Diatoms appeared less sensitive than non-diatom species. U. marinum acclimatization to phytoplankton led to stronger inhibiting effects, presumably from increased toxin production. Bacterial DGGE analysis of U. marinum cultures did not reveal known toxic bacteria that might account for the observed negative effects on the phytoplankton. Bacterial growth rates in an E. huxleyi culture increased when U. marinum filtrate had been added. In mixed cultures of bacteria, E. huxleyi and U. marinum, bacterial abundance first increased, then decreased due to ciliate predation. These findings support the hypothesis that toxin secretion by U. marinum increases non-prey phytoplankton-derived DOM and stimulates the growth of the bacterial prey.KEY WORDS: Uro ne ma marinum · Toxin · Phytoplankton · Bacteria · Growth rate · Physiology · Flow cytometry · FDA · Epifluorescence microscopy Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 475: [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] 2013 even grow (albeit slowly) in water with a salinity <10 g kg −1 (Hamilton & Preslan 1969). Uronema spp. can be found residing in sediments and are abundant in coastal waters (Anderson et al. 2009). They are free-living ciliates and can be fast swimmers (Pan et al. 2010). Variations in U. marinum growth under similar culture conditions can be ex plained as genetic variability within species as a result of habitat or geographical isolation (Pérez-Uz 1995). The highest growth rates of U. marinum (0.25 ± 0.03 h −1 ) were found in isolates from an estuarine environment (Pérez-Uz 1995).Uro ne ma marinum is mainly bacterivorous and can easily be cultured on bacteria. Bacterial genera known to be utilized by U. marinum are Chromobacterium, Ser ra tia, Vibrio, Pseudomonas and Micrococcus (Plunket & Hidu 1978). U. marinum can feed on small phytoplankton as well (Rubin & Lee 1976). Strom & Morello (1998) cultured U. marinum on relatively small phytoplankton...

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Proteases in Cell Lysate of Uronema marinum (Ciliata: Scuticociliatida), an Opportunistic Pathogen of Cultured Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Scuticociliate cysteine proteinases modulate turbot leucocyte functions

Phytoplankton growth inhibited by the toxic and bacterivorous ciliate Uronema marinum (Protozoa, Ciliophora)

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