Proteases from phytopathogenic fungi and their importance in phytopathogenicity

Chandrasekaran, M.; Boopathi, Thangavelu; Chun, Se Chul; Sathiyabama, Muthukrishnan

doi:10.1007/s10327-016-0672-9

Cited by 56 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Extracellular proteases are key enzymes produced by fungi during the host-pathogen interaction and are involved in growth, development, survival and pathogenicity [ 31 ]. The presence of an extracellular serine protease and metalloprotease was recently found to be secreted by A. solani and proposed to be involved in phytopathogenicity [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Early Blightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato: An Update

Adhikari

Panthee

2017

IJMS

159

102

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Early blight (EB) is one of the dreadful diseases of tomato caused by several species of Alternaria including Alternaria linariae (which includes A. solani and A. tomatophila), as well as A. alternata. In some instances, annual economic yield losses due to EB have been estimated at 79%. Alternaria are known only to reproduce asexually, but a highly-virulent isolate has the potential to overcome existing resistance genes. Currently, cultural practices and fungicide applications are employed for the management of EB due to the lack of strong resistant cultivars. Resistance sources have been identified in wild species of tomato; some breeding lines and cultivars with moderate resistance have been developed through conventional breeding methods. Polygenic inheritance of EB resistance, insufficient resistance in cultivated species and the association of EB resistance with undesirable horticultural traits have thwarted the effective breeding of EB resistance in tomato. Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring EB resistance have been detected in the populations derived from different wild species including Solanum habrochaites, Solanum arcanum and S. pimpinellifolium, but none of them could be used in EB resistance breeding due to low individual QTL effects. Pyramiding of those QTLs would provide strong resistance. More research is needed to identify additional sources of useful resistance, to incorporate resistant QTLs into breeding lines through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and to develop resistant cultivars with desirable horticultural traits including high yielding potential and early maturity. This paper will review the current understanding of causal agents of EB of tomato, resistance genetics and breeding, problems associated with breeding and future prospects.

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Section: Early Blightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato: An Update

Adhikari

Panthee

2017

IJMS

159

102

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“…Proteolysis of plant substrates is a strategy employed by pathogens to alter plant physiology (Hotson and Mudgett, ). Many enzyme effectors secreted by pathogens have been shown to manipulate plant immunity, such as the glycoside hydrolase 12 protein XEG1 (Ma et al , , ) from Phytophthora sojae ; small phospholipase D‐like proteins (Meijer et al , ) and serine proteases (Paris and Lamattina, ) from Phytophthora infestans ; and metalloproteases, subtilisin, aspartic proteases, aspartyl acid proteases, non‐aspartyl acid proteases, and cysteine proteases from plant pathogenic fungi (Chandrasekaran et al , ) and bacteria (Hotson and Mudgett, ; Potempa and Pike, ; Niño et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Phytophthora parasitica cysteine protease genes, PpCys44 and PpCys45, trigger cell death in various Nicotiana spp. and act as virulence factors

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Proteases secreted by pathogens have been shown to be important virulence factors modifying plant immunity, and cysteine proteases have been demonstrated to participate in different pathosystems. However, the virulence functions of the cysteine proteases secreted by Phytophthora parasitica are poorly understood. Using a publicly available genome database, we identified 80 cysteine proteases in P. parasitica, 21 of which were shown to be secreted. Most of the secreted cysteine proteases are conserved among different P. parasitica strains and are induced during infection. The secreted cysteine protease proteins PpCys44/45 (proteases with identical protein sequences) and PpCys69 triggered cell death on the leaves of different Nicotiana spp. A truncated mutant of PpCys44/45 lacking a signal peptide failed to trigger cell death, suggesting that PpCys44/45 functions in the apoplastic space. Analysis of three catalytic site mutants showed that the enzyme activity of PpCys44/45 is required for its ability to trigger cell death. A virus‐induced gene silencing assay showed that PpCys44/45 does not induce cell death on NPK1 (Nicotiana Protein Kinase 1)‐silenced Nicotiana benthamiana plants, indicating that the cell death phenotype triggered by PpCys44/45 is dependent on NPK1. PpCys44‐ and PpCys45‐deficient double mutants showed decreased virulence, suggesting that PpCys44 and PpCys45 positively promote pathogen virulence during infection. PpCys44 and PpCys45 are important virulence factors of P. parasitica and trigger NPK1‐dependent cell death in various Nicotiana spp.

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“…Phytopathogenic fungi are a serious threat to plant health, causing a plethora of diseases that contribute substantially to overall losses in agricultural yield [1]. In addition, fungal plant pathogens are divided into two main groups: biotrophic pathogens, which form intimate interactions with plants and can persist in and utilize living tissues (biotrophs), and necrotrophic pathogens, which kill the tissue to extract nutrients (necrotrophs) [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Main Components from Mentha pulegium Growing Wild on the Chilean Central Coast

et al. 2020

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Fungal diseases, both pre- and post-harvest, are currently difficult to control—increased antifungal resistances have further stimulated the search for natural alternatives. The objective of the present research work was to evaluate the antifungal activities of Mentha pulegium essential oil (EO) and its major constituents. The EO was obtained from hydro distillation of fresh leaves, and composition was determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main components were identified as pulegone (29.33%), menthol (28.79%), menthone (20.48%), and isopulegol (9.75%). EO and isopulegol exhibited the highest antifungal activity, with half maximal effective concentrations (EC50) inhibiting mycelial activity of Monilinia fructicola at 24.6 µg/mL and 20.8 µg/mL, respectively, and against Botrytis cinerea, at 301.45 µg/mL and 333.84 µg/mL, respectively. These findings could lay the foundation for developing antifungal agents of agricultural value.

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Proteases from phytopathogenic fungi and their importance in phytopathogenicity

Cited by 56 publications

References 56 publications

Current Status of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato: An Update

Current Status of Early Blight Resistance in Tomato: An Update

Two Phytophthora parasitica cysteine protease genes, PpCys44 and PpCys45, trigger cell death in various Nicotiana spp. and act as virulence factors

Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Main Components from Mentha pulegium Growing Wild on the Chilean Central Coast

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