Prostitutes Are a Major Reservoir of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Nairobi, Kenya

D'Costa, L J; Plummer, Francis A.; Bowmer, Ian; Fransen, L; Piot, Peter; Ronald, Allan R.; Nsanze, H

doi:10.1097/00007435-198504000-00002

Cited by 132 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…The relation of PID with not speaking English at home may be explained on the basis of poorer access to health care for Australians from nonEnglish speaking backgrounds as well as cultural diVerences in relation to sexual matters. Sex workers are often considered to be at increased risk of acquiring STIs, particularly in the developing world [18][19][20] and, our study identified the interaction of sex work and country of birth as a risk factor for presumptive PID, perhaps as mentioned above, reflecting the greater possibility of diagnosing PID in this group of women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Assessment of risk for pelvic inflammatory disease in an urban sexual health population

Marks

Tideman²,

Estcourt³

et al. 2000

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Objectives: To determine the sexual and demographic risk factors for the acquisition of presumptive pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Methods: A retrospective, case-control study in women, who attended the Sydney Sexual Health Centre (SSHC), between April 1991 and December 1997. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for confounding variables. Results: 741 women with PID and an equal number of controls were included. Cases were significantly younger than controls (p<0.001). 42% of cases were born in north or South East Asia, compared with 12% of the controls (p<0.001). The adjusted odds ratio for being born in north or South East Asia was 2.8 (95% CI 1.70-4.46), for not speaking English at home was 1.6 (95% CI 1.02-2.55), for having had previous PID was 5.9 (95% CI 3.59-9.73), and for being employed in the commercial sex industry and being born in north or South East Asia was 2.8 (95% CI 1.22-6.22). Women aged 15-19 were at considerable risk of developing PID (OR 5.3 (95% CI 2.76-10.11)). Women with previous human papillomavirus infection were significantly less likely to develop PID (OR 0.6 (95% CI 0.42-0.79)). The use of IUCDs (OR 4.5 (95% CI 2.14-9.39)), condoms (OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.03-1.87)), and not using contraception (OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.20-2.76)) was each associated with an increased risk. Conclusions: Several measures may help to reduce the burden of PID. Women should be encouraged to delay the onset of sexual activity and IUCDs should not be used in young women. Sexual health services for women whose home language is not English, and for commercial sex workers born in north or South East Asia should be improved. (Sex Transm Inf 2000;76:470-473)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Assessment of risk for pelvic inflammatory disease in an urban sexual health population

Marks

Tideman²,

Estcourt³

et al. 2000

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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“…4 These calculations were based on a rate of four paying partners per day, a figure derived from the Nairobi Prostitutes Study, a long-term study of urban sex workers in Nairobi. This, combined with the characterisation of prostitutes as ''a major reservoir of sexually transmitted disease'', 6 has resulted in prostitution being seen as the cause of disease rather than the consequence of economic marginalisation. Inevitably, it has also helped to draw attention away from male sexual behaviour, and put the onus of disease prevention on the women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Workers in Kenya, Numbers of Clients and Associated Risks: An Exploratory Survey

Elmore-Meegan¹,

Conroy

Agala³

2004

Reproductive Health Matters

103

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“…These women had a known high prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted disease ( 13). Details of the recruitment process and the characteristics of the study population have been published elsewhere (Simonsen, J. N., et al manuscript submitted for publication).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic evidence for the development of serovar-specific immunity after gonococcal infection.

Plummer¹,

Simonsen²,

Chubb³

et al. 1989

J. Clin. Invest.

133

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We tested the hypothesis that strain-specific immunity occurs after gonococcal infection in a longitudinal study of 227 prostitutes resident in one small community who experienced frequent gonococcal infections. Women were examined and cultured for Neisseria gonorrhoeae at 2-wk intervals. Gonococcal isolates were typed according to protein 1 serovar, auxotype, and #l-lactamase plasmid type, and classified as to serovar and strain. The hypothesis was tested by comparing the predictions of the hypothesis with the observations of the study. Over the 14-mo period of the study, major changes in the prevalence of specific serovars were observed in the gonococcal population infecting these women. Women with HIV infection experienced a higher rate of gonococcal infection (0.56±0.03 vs. 0.46±0.04, P < 0.05, t test) compared with HIV-negative women and were more likely to experience multiple infections with the same strain. The duration of prostitution was inversely related to the frequency of gonococcal infection. Women experiencing an infection with a specific gonococcal serovar were at a 2-to 10-fold reduced risk of reinfection with the same serovar, except for the lB-1 serovar. The results of the study were consistent with all four predictions of the hypothesis. Infection with a specific gonococcal serovar results in specific but incomplete protection against-subsequent infection with the homologous serovar. The mechanism of this protection remains to be determined.

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Prostitutes Are a Major Reservoir of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Nairobi, Kenya

Cited by 132 publications

References 0 publications

Assessment of risk for pelvic inflammatory disease in an urban sexual health population

Assessment of risk for pelvic inflammatory disease in an urban sexual health population

Sex Workers in Kenya, Numbers of Clients and Associated Risks: An Exploratory Survey

Epidemiologic evidence for the development of serovar-specific immunity after gonococcal infection.

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