“…This method requires resection of two to three ribs and careful separation of the chest wall muscles, which results in a segmental defect of the chest wall and a poor cosmetic appearance. Novel prosthetic devices for open thoracotomy, which require only a 3 cm resection in one rib, have been shown to be effective for resolving chronic empyema (60,61). These prostheses are self-retained silicone tubes, which drain out into a small plastic bag.…”