Prostate Tissue Metal Levels and Prostate Cancer Recurrence in Smokers

Abstract

Although smoking is not associated with prostate cancer risk overall, smoking is associated with prostate cancer recurrence and mortality. Increased cadmium (Cd) exposure from smoking may play a role in progression of the disease. In this study, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine Cd, arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) levels in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor and tumor-adjacent non-neoplastic tissue of never- and ever-smokers with prostate cancer. In smokers, metal levels were also evaluated with regard to biochemical and distant recurrence of disease. Smokers (N =25) had significantly higher Cd (median ppb, p =0.03) and lower Zn (p =0.002) in non-neoplastic tissue than never-smokers (N =21). Metal levels were not significantly different in tumor tissue of smokers and non-smokers. Among smokers, Cd level did not differ by recurrence status. However, the ratio of Cd ppb to Pb ppb was significantly higher in both tumor and adjacent tissue of cases with distant recurrence when compared with cases without distant recurrence (tumor tissue Cd/Pb, 6.36 vs. 1.19, p =0.009, adjacent nonneoplastic tissue Cd/Pb, 6.36 vs. 1.02, p =0.038). Tissue Zn levels were also higher in smokers with distant recurrence (tumor, p =0.039 and adjacent non-neoplastic, p =0.028). These initial findings suggest that prostate tissue metal levels may differ in smokers with and without recurrence. If these findings are confirmed in larger studies, additional work will be needed to determine whether variations in metal levels are drivers of disease progression or are simply passengers of the disease process.

Evaluation of some toxic metals in blood samples of smokers in Saudi Arabia by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry

“…Therefore there are significance difference between the concentration of toxic metals in smokers and non-smokers. These findings are in agreement with previous studies [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…Health care professionals need to offer appropriate counsel and therapies to patients suffering from ailments such as blood pressure [10,11], cardiovascular diseases [1], Alzheimer's diseases [13] and prostate cancer [15].…”

“…Studies have been carried out in various cities to determine the levels of toxic elements in smokers using either inductive coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectrometry [10] or ICP -mass spectrometry [11][12][13][14][15]. Most of the reported data [10][11][12][13][14][15] show that the concentrations of heavy metals in smokers are higher than in nonsmokers.…”

“…Most of the reported data [10][11][12][13][14][15] show that the concentrations of heavy metals in smokers are higher than in nonsmokers. The present investigation was aimed to assess the concentration of Cd, Pb, As, Hg and Ni in the blood of cigarette smokers and tobacco pipe smokers resident in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry, after microwave acid digestion.…”

Prostatic Tissue Levels of 43 Trace Elements in Patients with Prostate Adenocarcinoma

“…The trace element contents in tissue of the normal and cancerous prostate have been studied, producing contradictory results (Tipton et al, 1954;Koch & Smith, 1956;Stitch, 1957;Tipton & Cook, 1963;Sangen, 1967;Weinig & Zink, 1967;Liebscher & Smith, 1968;Höffken & Rausch-Stroomann, 1969;Soman et al, 1970;Forssen, 1972;Dhar et al, 1973;Kubo et al, 1976;Jafa et al, 1980;Ogunlewe & Osegbe, 1989;Oldereid et al, 1993;Banaś et al, 2001;Kwiatek et al, 2001;Kwiatek et al, 2004;Eckhert, 2005;Galván-Bobadilla et al, 2005;Kwiatek et al, 2005;Yaman et al, 2005;Guntupalli et al, 2007;Muecke et al, 2009;Kiziler et al, 2010;Schöpfer et al, 2010;Guzel et al, 2012;Leitão et al, 2014;Neslund-Dudas et al, 2014). The majority of these data are based on measurements of processed tissue and in many studies tissue samples are digested before analysis.…”